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BIOGRAPHIES 



OF THE PRESENT 



SENATORS 



OF THE 



UNITED STATES. 



H* 






CHICAGO. 

Mize & Stearns Publishing Co. 

t892. 



Copyright 

Mize & Stearns Publishing Co., 

1892. 



MIZE A STEABN8 PBEBS, 
CHICAGO. 



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4 b \ 



PREFACE. 



There is no published work of which we have 
knowledge that contains a portrait and biography of 
each of the present senators of the United States, 
and no published work that contains a complete list 
of all the many senators who have served in the 
"second house" since the adoption of the constitution 
to the present time. 

In noting the doings of congress one has a desire 
to see the faces of the members and to know some- 
thing of their lives preceding their public careers. 

In this work is given a full-page portrait of each of 
the present senators of the United States, forming a 
pleasing picture gallery of distinguished Americans. 
Following each portrait is the biographical sketch of 
the senator, thus giving a ready reference for present 
needs — a book of to-day. 

Most of the biographical cyclopedias are in price 
beyond the reach of the masses, and there would 
seem to be a neccessity for a work of this kind — a 
work within the easy reach of most persons who are 
desirous of reading of the public men of the times. 

It has been said that biography is the anatomy of 
history, and it is certainly the most important of all 
studies, and of all the species of writing, the most 



worthy to be cultivated ; because it is more than the 
anatomy of history — it is history itself in a pleasing 
form and of a personal character to attract and inter- 
est both old and young. 

Moreover, biography should be written from an 
impartial standpoint. The partisan press too fre- 
quently prejudices the people for or against their 
public servants, which servants are not so good, nor 
yet so bad, as political writers too often represent 
them. 

It has been the object in this work to represent the 
individual achievements of the senators in their var- 
ious actions, both great and small, public and private, 
in such a manner as to give a true and impartial rep- 
resentation of their lives. 

Very truly yours, 

The Publishers. 



GENERAL INDEX. 



Page. 

Introductory 9 

First Congress of Deputies 9 

Second Congress of Deputies 9 

Declaration of Independence 10 

Confederation of States 10 

Achievement of Independence 11 

Limited Powers of Congress 12 

Convention of Deputies 15 

New Constitution Outlined 16 

Debates on Proposed Constitution 18 

The ThreeGreat Compromises 23 

The Constitution Adopted 24 

Ratification by States 24 

First Proceedings Under New Constitution 25 

Executive Administrations, 1789 to 1892, Including 

Cabinet Officers. 27 

Washington — First Administration 28 

Washington — Second Administration 28 

Adams — Third Administration 28 

Jefferson — Fourth Administration 29 

Jefferson — Fifth Administration 29 

Madison — Sixth Administration 29 

Madison — Seventh Administration 30 

Monroe — Eighth Administration 3° 

Monroe — Ninth Administration 30 

Adams — Tenth Administration 3 r 

Jackson — Eleventh Administration 3 T 

Jackson — Twelfth Administration 3 1 

Van Buren — Thirteenth Administration 3* 

Harrison and Tyler — Fourteenth Administration 32 

Polk — Fifteenth Administration 33 

Taylor and Fillmore — Sixteenth Administration 33 

Pierce — Seventeenth Administration 34 

Buchanan — Eighteenth Administration 34 

Lincoln — Nineteenth Administration 35 



GENERAL INDEX. 

Page. 

Lincoln and Johnson — Twentieth Administration 35 

Grant — Twenty first Administration 36 

Grant — Twenty-second Administration 36 

Hayes — Twenty-third Administration 37 

Garfield and Arthur — Twenty-fourth Administration 37 

Cleveland — Twenty-fifth Administration 38 

Harrison — Twenty-Sixth Administration 38 

List of United States Senators from 1798 to 1892 . 39 to 65 
Electoral Vote Under Apportionment Law of 1 890 ... 66 
Vice-President and President of the Senate, Levi P. Morton 69 
Biographies of Present United States Senators .... 73 

Aldrich, N. W., Providence, R. 1 483 

Allen, John B., Walla Walla, Wash 547 

Allison, Wm. B., Dubuque, Iowa 197 

Barbour, John S-, Alexander, Va 543 

Bate, Wm. B., Nashville, Tenn 513 

Berry, James H., Bentonville, Ark 81 

Blackburn. Jos. C. S., Versailles, Ky 237 

Blodgett, Rufus, Long Branch, N. J 379 

Brice, Calvin S., Lima, Ohio 437 

Butler, M. C, Edgefield, S. C 487 

Call, Wilkinson, Jacksonville, Fla 135 

Cameron, J. D., Harrisburg, Pa 471 

Carey, Jos. M., Cheyenne, Wyo 593 

Carlisle, John G., Covington, Ky 229 

Casey, Lyman R., Jamestown, N. Dak 411 

Chandler, Wm. E., Concord, N. H 361 

Chilton, Horace, Tyler, Texas 523 

Cockrell, Francis M., Warrensburg, Mo 323 

Coke, Richard, Waco, Tex 517 

Colquitt, Alfred H., Atlanta, Ga 149 

Cullom, Shelby M., Springfield, 111 175 

Daniel, John W., Lynchburg, Va 537 

Davis, CushmanK., St. Paul, Minn 305 

Dawes, Henry L., Pittsfield, Mass 281 

Dixon, Nathan F., Westerly, R. 1 479 

Dolph, Joseph N., Portland, Ore 443 

Dubois, Fred T., Blackfoot, Idaho 159 

Faulkner, Chas. J., Martinsburg, W. Va 557 

Felton, Chas. N., San Francisco, Cal 95 

Frye, Wm. P., Lewiston, Me 251 

Gallinger, Jacob H., Concord, N. H 367 



GENERAL INDEX. 

Page. 

George, James Z. , Carrollton, Miss 2x3 

Gibson, Chas. H.,Easton, Md 271 

Gibson, Randall Lee, New Orleans, La 241 

Gordon, John B., Reynolds, Ga 143 

Gorman, Arthur P., Laurel, Md 263 

Gray, George, Wilmington, Del 131 

Hale, Eugene, Ellsworth, Me 260 

Hansbrough, Henry C, Devil's Lake, N. Dak 417 

Harris, Isham G., Memphis, Tenn 507 

Hawley, Jos. R., Hartford, Conn 109 

Higgins, Anthony, Wilmington, Del 127 

Hill, David B., Elmira, N. Y 383 

Hiscock, Frank, Syracuse, N. Y 393 

Hoar, Geo. F., Worcester, Mass 275 

Irby, John L. M., Laurens, S. C 493 

Jones, James K., Washington, Ark 85 

Jones, John P., Gold Hill, Nev 357 

Kenna, John E., Charleston, W. Va 563 

Kyle, James H-, Aberdeen, S. Dak 499 

McMillan, Ja»., Detroit, Mich 287 

McPherson, John R., Belle Meade, N. J 37 1 

Manderson, Chas. F., Omaha, Neb 337 

Mitchell, John H., Portland, Ore 457 

Morgan, John T., Selma, Ala 73 

Morrill,, Justin S., Strafford, Vt 527 

Paddock, A. S., Beatrice, Neb 343 

Palmer, John M., Springfield, 111 163 

Pasco, Samuel, Monticello, Fla 139 

Peffer, Wm. A., Topeka, Kan 217 

Perkins, Bishop W., Oswego, Kan 225 

Pettigrew, R. F., Sioux Falls, S. Dak 5<>3 

Piatt, O. H., Meriden, Conn "9 

Power, Thos. C, Helena, Mont 333 

Proctor, Redfield, Proctor, Vt 53 1 

Pugh.Jas. L., Eufaula, Ala 77 

Quay, M. S., Beaver, Pa 475 

Ransom, Matt W., Weldon, N. C 407 

Sanders, Wilbur F., Helena, Mont 3*7 

Sawyer, Philetus, Oshkosh, Wis 577 

Sherman, John, Mansfield, Ohio 4 2 3 

Shoup, Geo. L., Salmon City, Idaho J 53 

Squire, Watson C, Seattle, Wash 55* 

Stanford, Leland, San Francisco, Cal 89 

Stewart, Wm. M., Carson City, Nev 349 



GENERAL INDEX. 

Page. 

Stockbridge, Francis B., Kalamazoo, Mich 291 

Teller, Henry M., Central City, Col 99 

Turpie, David, Indianapolis, Ind 191 

Vance, Zebulon B., Charlotte, N. C 401 

Vest, Geo. G., Kansas City, Mo 317 

Vilas, Wm. F., Madison, Wis 567 

Voorhees, Daniel W., Terre Haute, Ind 183 

Walthall, E. C, Grenada, Miss 309 

Warren, Francis E. Cheyenne, Wyo 587 

Washburn, Wm. D., Minneapolis, Minn 299 

White, Edward D., New Orleans, La 247 

Wilson, Jas. F., Fairfield, la 203 

Wolcott, Edward O., Denver, Col 105 



INTRODUCTORY. 



Before proceeding to give the biographical sketches 
of the " present senators of the United States," it may 
be well to narrate briefly the history of the formation 
of the government and the adoption of the constitu- 
tion. For, under the articles of confederation, under 
which the revolutionary war was fought, and under 
which the government existed for more than ten years, 
there was no second house, as the senate in the early 
days was called, and hence no senators until after the 
adoption of the constitution. 

It is not thought necessary in a work of this char- 
acter to rehearse the causes which led to the revolu- 
tionary war, nor to recount in detail the extended 
discussions which took place from the time the first 
congress of deputies from all the colonies met in New 
York on the first Tuesday of October, 1765, to the 
adoption of the constitution of the United States by 
the delegate convention of the confederation on the 
17th of September, 1787. 

Suffice to say that the first semblance to a national 
congress met in 1765 to declare the rights and griev- 
ances of the colonies. Nine years later the next 
congress or convention met in Philadelphia for much 
the same purpose as the first ; and in May, 1775, con- 
gress again met with delegates from all the colonies, 



IO INTRODUCTORY. 

the war with Great Britain having actually begun. It 
was determined to organize an army ; and Washing- 
ton was appointed commander-in-chief of the Ameri- 
can forces, and other necessary preparations were 
made for resistance. The following year the Decla- 
ration of Independence was adopted. 

Congress soon perceived the necessity of some com- 
pact between the colonies, in order to give effect and 
permanence to the union, and to define more accu- 
rately the powers of the congress, but not until in 
November, 1777, was a plan agreed upon. This in- 
strument was called "Articles of confederation and 
perpetual union between the states," and the confed- 
eracy was to be styled " The United States of Amer- 
ica." Each state was to retain its sovereignty, free- 
dom, and independence, and every power and right 
not expressly delegated to congress. Congress was 
composed of delegates, not less than two nor more 
than seven, from each state, appointed annually by its 
legislature, which had power to recall any delegate at 
any time within the year, and send another in his 
stead. The delegates were maintained by their re- 
spective states. In determining questions in congress, 
each state had one vote ; and that vote was deter- 
mined by a majority of the delegates in that state. 

Congress was given the right to declare war and 
peace, to make requisitions of men and money, and to 
regulate the external affairs of the nation generally ; 
but any act of congress, making war, granting letters 
of marque and reprisal, coining money, emitting bills, 



INTRODUCTORY. I I 



borrowing or appropriating money, and for certain 
other similar purposes, was to have the assent of nine 
states. Other questions were to be decided by a 
majority of the states. Congress had authority to 
appoint a committee, denominated "a committee of 
the states," to consist of one delegate from each state ; 
which committee, or any nine of them, had authority 
to execute, in the recess of congress, such of the 
powers of that body as, by the consent of nine states, 
congress should think expedient to invest them with ; 
but no power was to be delegated to this committee, 
for which the voice of nine states in congress was 
requisite. Every state was to abide by the determi- 
nation of congress on all questions submitted to them 
by the confederation. The articles of the confedera- 
tion were to be observed by every state, and the union 
was to be perpetual ; and no alteration could be made 
in any of them, unless agreed to by congress, and 
afterwards confirmed by the legislature of every state. 
The power of regulating commerce with foreign na- 
tions had not been vested in congress. 

While numerous objections were raised to this plan, 
yet all the original states, except New Jersey, Del- 
aware and Maryland, instructed their delegates to 
ratify and sign the articles. Maryland was the last 
state that consented to the ratification, which was 
done March i, 1781, more than three years after the 
articles had been adopted by congress. 

Peace was declared in April, 1 783. 

The achievement of the independence of the United 



1 2 INTRODUCTORY. 

States was not immediately followed by the advan- 
tages that had been expected. It soon became mani- 
fest that something more was essential to individual 
and national prosperity. The system of government 
which had been adopted during the war was found to 
be ill adapted to a state of peace. The principal de- 
fect of the confederation consisted in its weakness. It 
intrusted to congress the right to declare war ; but it 
did not confer upon that body the power to raise 
means of prosecuting war. It was capable of con- 
tracting debts, and of pledging the public faith for 
their payment ; but it had not the means of discharg- 
ing its obligations. Congress had no power to lay 
taxes and collect revenue for the public service. 
That power was reserved to the states. Hence the 
operations of the government depended upon the 
good will of thirteen distinct and very independent 
sovereigns. As a natural consequence, delays in col- 
lecting taxes were not infrequent. Collections were 
tardy even during the war, but after the return of 
peace, congress was unable to obtain from the states 
money sufficient to pay even the interest on the pub- 
lic debt ; and the affairs of the country were in a state 
of extreme embarassment. The federal treasury was 
empty ; the faith of the nation broken ; the public credit 
rapidly sinking, and the public burthens increasing. 
Congress recommended to the several states a " sub- 
stantive " funding measure, wherein the several states 
were to raise the funds, partly by duties on imports 
and partly by internal taxation, in proportion to pop- 



INTRODUCTORY. 1 3 

ulation and for funding the whole debt of the United 
States ; but the plan did not meet the approval of 
all the states. That part of it which applied to the 
internal taxes having met with the greatest opposi- 
tion, congress requested authority "to carry into effect 
that part only which related to import duties." This 
proposition was not complied with, as it met the oppo- 
sition of New York, which state had already passed 
an act on the subject, but denied to the federal gov- 
ernment the power to collect duties. 

Another material defect of the confederation was 
the want of power to regulate foreign and domestic 
commerce. Indispensable to the accomplishment of 
this object, is the power to establish a uniform system 
of duties. Each state having reserved the right to 
regulate its own trade, imposed upon foreign produc- 
tions, as well as upon those from its sister states, such 
duties as its own exclusive interests seemed to dictate. 
Hence, a rate of duties which was favorable to the 
citizens of one state, was deemed by those of other 
states highly prejudicial to them. The jealousies, 
rivalries, and mutual resentments to which this system 
gave rise, caused apprehensions of serious collision 
between some of the states. Foreign nations took 
advantage of the discordant legislation of the states, 
and passed such laws as they judged most likely to 
destroy our commerce and to extend their own. 

Various endeavors were made by congress, through 
commissioners and ministers, to form commercial 
treaties with foreign powers, in the hope of obtaining 



14 INTRODUCTORY. 

relief, but the attempts were unsuccessful. Relief was 
attempted in some states by the issue of paper money; 
in others, personal property at an appraised value, 
was made a legal tender in payment of debts. In 
some of the states the customs, taxes, and excises 
were so heavy that the people rebelled against the 
laws, and the condition of the country seemed to be 
approaching a crisis. 

On the 2 1 st of January, 1786, the legislature of 
Virginia adopted a resolution proposing a convention 
of commissioners from all the states, "to take into 
consideration the state of trade, and the expediency 
of a uniform system of commercial regulations for 
their common interest and permanent harmony." The 
commissioners met at Annapolis, in September, the 
place and time proposed. Virginia, Pennsylvania, 
Delaware, New Jersey, and New York were repre- 
sented. Delegates were appointed by New Hamp- 
shire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and North Caro- 
lina, but they did not attend. Deeming their powers 
too limited, and the number of states represented too 
small to effect the objects contemplated, the convention 
framed a report to be made to their respective states, 
and also to be laid before congress, advising the call- 
ing of a general convention of deputies from all the 
states, to meet in Philadelphia, on the second Monday 
in May, 1787, for a more extensive revision of thearti- 
cles of confederation. In February, 1787, congress 
passed a resolution concurring in the recommendation 
for a convention as proposed by the Annapolis meet- 



INTRODUCTORY. 1 5 

ing. Delegates were appointed by all the states ex- 
cept Rhode Island. 

The day appointed for the assembling of the con- 
vention to revise the articles of confederation was the 
14th of May, 1 787. Delegations from a majority of the 
states did not attend until the 25th, on which day the 
business of the convention commenced. The dele- 
gates from New Hampshire did not arrive until the 
23d of July. Washington was elected president of 
the convention, and William Jackson was appointed 
secretary. 

The rules of proceeding adopted by the conven- 
tion, were chiefly the same as those of congress. A 
quorum was to consist of the deputies of at least 
seven states ; and all questions were to be decided by 
the greater number of those which were fully repre- 
sented, at least two delegates being necessary to con- 
stitute a full representation. The injunction of secrecy 
was placed upon their proceedings. 

The question was discussed at some length as to 
whether the confederation should be amended or a 
new government formed. It was decided in favor of 
the latter. 

In conformity with this decision, Edmund Randolph, 
of Virginia, offered fifteen resolutions, containing the 
outlines of a plan of government, for the considera- 
tion of the convention. These resolutions proposed, 
among other things — that the voice of each state in 
the national legislature, should be in proportion to its 
taxes, or to its free population; that the legislature 



1 6 INTRODUCTORY. 

should consist of two branches, the members of the 
first to be elected by the people of the states, those of 
the second to be chosen by members of the first, out 
of a proper number of persons nominated by the 
state legislatures ; and the national legislature to be 
vested with all the powers of congress under the con- 
federation, with the additional power to legislate in 
all cases to which the separate states were incompe- 
tent ; to negative all state laws which should be re- 
pugnant to the articles of union, or to any treaty 
subsisting under them ; to call out the force of the 
union against any state refusing to fulfill its duty. 

The resolutions proposed that there should be a 
national executive to be chosen by the national legis- 
lature, and to be ineligible a second time. A national 
judiciary, the judges to hold their offices during good 
behavior, was also proposed. 

This was called the " Virginia plan," and its discussion 
drew party lines between the smaller and the larger 
states. The small states apprehending danger from 
the overwhelming power of a strong national govern- 
ment, as well as from the combined power of the large 
states represented in proportion to their wealth and 
population, were unwilling to be deprived of their 
equal vote in congress. The larger states — friends of 
the national plan — insisted upon a proportional rep- 
resentation. This opposition of sentiment divided 
the convention into parties. 

Mr. Randolph's plan was the subject of deliberation 
for about two weeks, when, having been modified in 



INTRODUCTORY. 1 7 

committee, it was reported to the house with the fol- 
lowing provisions : 

A national legislature to consist of two branches, 
the first to be elected by the people for three years; 
the second to be chosen by the state legislatures for 
seven years; the legislature to possess the same 
powers as those first proposed. The executive was 
to consist of a single person to be chosen by the 
national legislature for seven years, and limited to a 
single term and to have a qualified veto ; all bills not 
approved by him, to be passed by a vote of three- 
fourths of both houses in order to become laws. A 
national judiciary to consist of a supreme court, the 
judges to be appointed by the second branch of the 
legislature for the term of good behavior, and of such 
inferior courts as congress might think proper to 
establish. 

This plan was objectionable to the states' right party, 
and Mr. Patterson submitted the "New Jersey plan," 
which proposed no alteration in the constitution of the 
legislature, but simply to give it the additional power, 
to raise a revenue by duties on foreign goods imported, 
and by stamp and postage taxes ; to regulate trade 
with foreign nations and among the states ; and, when 
requisitions made upon the states were not complied 
with, to collect them by its own authority. The plan 
proposed a federal executive, to consist of a number 
of persons selected by congress ; and a federal judi- 
ciary, the judges to be appointed by the executive, 
and to hold their offices during good behavior. 



I 8 INTRODUCTORY. 

The Virginia and New Jersey plans were referred 
to a new committee of the whole, and after much dis- 
cussion the New Jersey plan was rejected. 

The modified Virginia plan was then taken up and 
each proposition considered separately. The division 
of the national legislature into two branches, a house of 
representatives and a senate, was agreed to almost 
unanimously ; but the proposition to apportion the 
members to the states, according to population, was 
violently opposed. The small states insisted strenu- 
ously on retaining an equal vote in the legislature; 
but finally consented to a proportional representation 
in the house, on condition that they should have an 
equal vote in the senate. 

Accordingly, on the 29th of June, Mr. Ellsworth of 
Connecticut offered a motion "that in the second 
branch, each state shall have an equal vote," This 
motion gave rise to a protracted and vehement de- 
bate. It was supported by Ellsworth and Baldwin of 
Georgia, Bradford of Delaware, and others. It was 
urged on the ground of the necessity of a compro- 
mise between the friends of the confederation and 
those of the national government, and as a measure 
which would secure tranquility, and meet the objec- 
tions of the larger states. Equal representation in 
one branch would make the government partly fed- 
eral, and a proportional representation in the other, 
would make it partly national. Equality in the sec- 
ond branch would enable the small states to protect 
themselves against the combined power of the large 



INTRODUCTORY. 19 

states. Fears were expressed that without this advan- 
tage to the small states, it would be in the power of a 
few laree states to control the rest. The small states 
it was said, must possess this power of self-defense, or 
be ruined. The representatives of Virginia, Pennsylva- 
nia, and Massachusetts objected to state equality, and 
uro-ed that it would enable one-fourth of the union to 
control three-fourths. Dr. Franklin said as it was not 
easy to see what the greater states could gain by 
swallowing up the smaller, he did not apprehend they 
would attempt it. In voting by states — the mode 
then existing — it was equally in the power of the 
smaller states to swallow up the greater. He thought 
the number of representatives ought to bear some 
proportion to the number of the represented 

On the 2nd of July the vote was taken on Mr. 
Ellsworth's motion, and lost — Connecticut, New York, 
New Jersey, Delaware, and Maryland voting in the 
affirmative; while Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, Vir- 
ginia, North Carolina and South Carolina voted in 
the negative. Georgia divided, the New Hampshire 
delegates were not present, and Rhode Island had not 
appointed delegates. 

The excitement now became intense, and the conven- 
tion seemed to be on the point of dissolution. On 
motion of Mr. Sherman of Connecticut, a committee 
of conference, consisting of one member from each 
state, was appointed, and the convention adjourned 
for three days, and an opportunity to celebrate the 
anniversary of independence. 



20 INTRODUCTORY. 

The report of this committee, which was made on 
the 5th of July, proposed that in the first branch of 
the legislature, each state should have one represen- 
tative for every forty thousand inhabitants — three- 
fifths of the slaves being counted — that each state not 
containing that number should be allowed one repre- 
sentative ; and that money bills should originate in 
this branch ; that in the second branch each state 
should have one vote. 

The states' rights party favored the report. The 
national party opposed it. 

In establishing a rule of future apportionment, great 
diversity of opinion was expressed. Although slav- 
ery then existed in all the states except Massachusetts, 
the great mass of the slave population was in the 
southern states. These states claimed a representa- 
tion according to numbers, bond and free, while the 
northern states were in favor of a representation ac- 
cording to the number of free persons only. This 
question was argued pro and con at great length, run- 
ning into the discussion of slavery. Finally the fol- 
lowing was agreed upon : 

That the term of service of members of the first 
branch was reduced to two years, and of those of the 
second branch to six years ; the representation in this 
body to consist of two members from each state, 
voting individually, as in the other branch, and not by 
states, as under the confederation. 

But the great question at issue was that of appor- 
tionment One faction demanded that the slaves. 



INTRODUCTORY. 2 1 

or a certain proportion of them, should be counted ; 
while the other faction held that if the slaves were 
admitted as citizens, they should be admitted on an 
equality with citizens ; if they were admitted as prop- 
erty, then why should not other property be admitted 
into the computation in the matter of apportionment? 
A large number of the members of the convention, 
from both sections of the union, aware that neither 
extreme could be carried, favored the proposition to 
count the whole number of free citizens and three- 
fifths of the slaves. Subsequently a proposition was 
adoped for reckoning three-fifths of the slaves in esti- 
mating taxes, and making taxation the basis of rep- 
resentation. 

Several attempts were made to strike out the ineli- 
gibility of the executive a second time, and to change 
the term of office, and the mode of election, but, for 
the time, the Virginia provision was retained. 

The report of the committee of the whole, as out- 
lined in the foregoing, was accepted by the conven- 
tion, and, together with the New Jersey plan, and a 
third plan, drawn by Charles Pinckney of South 
Carolina, was referred to a committee of detail, 
consisting of Messrs. Rutledge, Randolph, Gorham, 
Ellsworth, and Wilson, who, after hearing all the 
debates on the various questions at issue, were ex- 
pected to report the constitution in proper form. 

To render the constitution acceptable to the south- 
ern states, which were the principal exporting states, 
the committee of detail inserted a clause, providing 



2 2 INTRODUCTORY. 

that no duties should be laid on exports, or on slaves 
imported ; and another, that no navigation act might 
be passed, except by a two-thirds vote. By depriving 
congress of the power of giving any preference to 
American over foreign shipping, it was designed to se- 
cure cheap transportation to southern exports. As 
the shipping was principally owned in the eastern 
states, their delegates were equally anxious to pre- 
vent any restriction of the power of congress to pass 
navigation laws. All the states except North Caro- 
lina, South Carolina, and Georgia, had prohibited the 
importation of slaves; and North Carolina had pro- 
ceeded so far as to discourage the importation by 
heavy duties. The prohibition of duties on the impor- 
tation of slaves was demanded by the delegates from 
South Carolina and Georgia, who declared that, with- 
out a provision of this kind, the constitution would 
not receive the assent of these states. The sup- 
port which the proposed restriction received from 
other states, was given to it from a disposition 
to compromise, rather than from an approval of the 
measure itself. The proposition not only gave rise 
to a discussion of its own merits, but revived the 
opposition to the apportionment of representatives 
according to the three-fifths ratio, and called forth a 
heated argument on the question of slavery, and the 
importation of slaves. 

The committee retained the prohibition of duties 
on exports ; struck out the restriction on the enact- 
ment of navigation laws; and left the importation of 



INTRODUCTORY. 2T, 

slaves unrestricted until the year 1800, permitting 
congress, however, to impose a duty upon the impor- 
tation. A motion to extend the time from 1800 to 
1808 was carried, Massachusetts, Connecticut, and 
New Hampshire voting with Georgia and South Car- 
olina. Owing to this fact, Mr. Pinckney made a strong 
speech against any restriction on the power of com- 
mercial regulation, other northern members joined 
with him, and the report was so adopted, against the 
votes of Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, and 
Georgia. Thus the third great compromise of the 
constitution was made, by conceding to the northern 
merchants the unrestricted power of congress to pass 
navigation laws, and to the Carolina rice planters, 
as an equivalent, twenty years' continuance of the 
African slave trade. The other two great compro- 
mises were the concessions to the smaller states of an 
equal representation with the larger in the senate, 
and, to the slaveholders, the counting of three-fifths 
of the slaves in determining the ratio of represen- 
tation. 

The question of the executive department was next 
taken up. The election of the executive was given 
to a college of electors, to be chosen in the states in 
such manner as the legislatures of the states should 
direct. The term of service was reduced from seven 
years to four years ; and the restriction of the office 
to a single term was removed. Numerous other 
amendments and additions were made in going 
through the draft. A substitution of a two-thirds 



24 INTRODUCTORY. 

for the three-fourths majority — required to pass bills 
against the veto of the president, was adopted. 
The minimum ratio of representation was reduced 
from 40,000 to 30,000. The committee made its 
report, and finally, after nearly four months de- 
liberation, the constitution was accepted by the con- 
vention — a constitution that was changed but little 
within the next sixty years. 

The whole number of delegates who attended the 
convention, was fifty-five, of whom thirty-nine signed 
the constitution. Of the remaining sixteen, some had 
left the convention before its close ; others refused to 
give it their sanction. Several of the absentees were 
known to be in favor of the constitution. 

The new constitution bears date September 17, 
1787. It was immediately transmitted to congress, 
with a recommendation to that body to submit it to 
state conventions for ratification, which was accord- 
ingly done. It was adopted by Delaware, December 
7; by Pennsylvania, December 12; by New Jersey, 
December 18; by Georgia, January 2, 1788; by Con- 
necticut, January 9 ; by Massachusetts, February 7 ; 
by Maryland, April 28 ; by South Carolina, May 23 ; 
by Hew Hampshire, June 21; which being the ninth 
ratifying state, gave effect to the constitution. Vir- 
ginia ratified June 27; New York, July 26; and North 
Carolina, conditionally, August 7. Rhode Island did 
not call a convention, but was received into the union 
in June, 1790, the same year North Carolina sent to 
congress the report of her ratification. 



INTRODUCTORY. 25 

After congress had received the ratifications of the 
first nine states, they were referred to a committee, 
who, on the 14th of July, 1788, reported a resolution 
for carrying- the new government into operation. 
The first Wednesday of January, 1789, was appointed 
for choosing electors of president, and the first Wed- 
nesday of February for the electors to meet in their 
respective states to vote for president and vice- 
president, and the first Wednesday, the 4th of March, 
1789, as the time, and New York as the place, to 
commence proceedings under the new constitution. 

Congress assembled as per appointment at New 
York on March 4, 1789; but a quorum of the house 
of representatives was not present until April 1st, nor 
of the senate until the 6th. On counting the elec- 
toral votes it appeared that George Washington was 
unanimously elected president, and that John Adams 
was, by the next highest number of votes, elected vice- 
president. On the 30th of April the oath of office 
was administered to the president ; and soon after, he 
delivered his inaugural address to the senate and 
house of representatives. 

Three auxiliary executive departments were estab- 
lished at this session: the department of foreign 
affairs — since called department of state — the depart- 
ment of the treasury, and the department of war. 
These or similar departments had for some time 
existed, but they were now re-organized, and adapted 
to the new crovernment. 

In organizing these departments, the question arose 



26 EXECUTIVE ADMINISTRATIONS. 

whether the officers of these departments could be 
removed by the president alone, or whether the con- 
currence of the senate was necessary, as in their ap- 
pointment. It was argued that as the president and 
senate were associated in making appointments the 
fair inference was, that they must agree in removals, 
in which case a change of the chief magistrate would 
not occasion so vehement or general a revolution in 
the officers of the government, as might be expected 
if he were the sole disposer of officers. 

Those on the opposite side argued that the execu- 
tive power was by the constitution vested in the pres- 
ident, and the power of removal was in its nature 
completely executive. The president was required 
to see the laws faithfully excuted ; and how could 
he be answerable without the power of removing an 
officer whose co-operation was necessary to their 
execution. Besides an immediate removal might 
become necessary. 

The question was decided in favor of conferring on 
the president alone the power of removal. 

The offices of the three auxiliary executive depart- 
ments were filled by President Washington, by and 
with the consent of the senate, and the new govern- 
ment proceeded to business. 

In pages following will be found a list of all the 
presidents, vice-presidents, and cabinet officers, as well 
a list of United States senators, from the formation of 
the government to the present date. 



EXECUTIVE ADMINISTRATIONS. 



Following will be found a list of presidents, vice- 
presidents, and cabinet members, from the formation 
of the government under the constitution to the pres- 
ent time — 1892. 

The present departments of the executive adminis- 
tration were not all organized at the beginning, but 
were organized by acts of congress of the following 
dates: 

War, August 7, 1789. 

Treasury, September, 1789. 

State, September 15, 1789. 

Justice, September 24, 1789. 

Postoffice, temporary, September 22, 1789, and permanent May 8, 1794. 

Navy, April 30, 1798. 

Interior, March 3, 1849. 

Agricultural, 1881-89. 

The postmaster-general was not considered a cabi- 
net officer until invited by President Jackson to the 
cabinet meetings in 1829. Until that time this office 
was considered a subordinate of the treasury depart- 
ment. Those serving in that capacity before that time 
were Samuel Osgood, Massachusetts, September 26, 
1789; Timothy Pickering, Pennsylvania, August 12, 
1 791 ; Joseph Habersham, Georgia, Feburary 25, 
1795; Gideon Granger, Connecticut, November 28, 
1 80 1 ; Return J. Meigs, Ohio, March 17, 18 14; and 
John McLean of Ohio, June 26, 1823 — the dates being 
the dates of appointment. The dates in the list of 
cabinet officers in the following various administra- 
tions, are also dates of appointment. 



28 EXECUTIVE ADMINISTRATIONS. 

FIRST ADMINISTRATION. 



President George Washington, Virginia, April 30, 1789. 

Vice-President John Adams, Massachusetts, April 30, 1789. 

Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson, Virginia, September 16, 1789. 

"Treasury ...Alexander Hamilton New York, September 11, 1789 

Secretary of War Henry Knox, Massachusetts, September 12, 1789. 

Attorney General. Edmund Randolph, Virginia, September 26, 1789. 



SECOND ADMINISTRATION. 



11 



President George Washington, Virginia, March 4, 1793 

Vice-President John Adams, Massachusetts, March 4, 1793 

Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson, Virginia, March 4, 1793 

" " Fdmund Randolph, Virginia, January 2, 1794 

" ...Timothy Pickering, Massachusetts, December 10, 1795 

Treasury Alexander Hamilton, New York, March 4, 1793 

" " Oliver Wolcott, Connecticut, February 2, 1795 

" War Henry Knox, Massachusetts, March 4, 1793 

" " ' Timothy Pickering, Massachusetts, January 2, 1795 

" " James McHenry, Maryland, January 27, 1796 

Attorney General Edmund Randolph, Virginia, March 4, 1793 

Wm. Bradford, Pennsylvania, January, 27, 1794 

Chas. Lee, Virginia, December 10, 1795 



11 11 

11 •< 



THIRD ADMINISTRATION. 



President John Adams, Massachusetts, March 4, 1797 

Vice-President Thomas Jefferson, Virginia, March 4, 1797 

Secretary of State Timothy Pickering, Massachusetts, March 4, 1797 

" " John Marshall, Virginia, May 13, 1800 

Treasury Oliver Wolcott, Massachusetts, March 4, 1797 

" " Samuel Dexter, Massachusetts, January 1, 1801 

War James McHenry, Maryland, March 4, 1797 

" " Samuel Dexter, Massachusetts, May 13, 1800 

" " Roger Griswold, Connecticut, February 3, 1801 

" Navy George Cabot, Massachusetts, May 3, 1798 

" " Benj. Stoddert, Maryland, May 21, 1798 

Attorney General Chas. Lee, Virginia, March 4, 1797 

" Theodore Parsons, Massachusetts, February 20, 1801 



EXECUTIVE ADMINISTRATIONS. 29 

FOURTH ADMINISTRATION. 



President Thomas Jefferson, Virginia, March 4, 1801. 

Vice-President Aaron Burr, New York, March 4, 1801. 

Secretary of State James Madison, Virginia, March 5, 1801. 

" Treasury Albert Gallatin, Pennsylvania, May 14, 1801. 

iy ar Henry Dearborn, Massachusetts, March 5, 1801. 



11 Navy Robert Smith, Maryland, July 15, 



1801. 



Attorney General Levi Lincoln, Massachusetts, March 5, 1801. 



FIFTH ADMINISTRATION. 



President Thomas Jefferson, Virginia, March 4, 1805. 

Vice-President George Clinton, New York, March 4, 1805. 

Secretary 0/ State James Madison, Virginia, March 4, 1805. 

11 Treasury Albert Gallatin, Pennsylvania, March 4, 1805. 

«< iVar Henry Dearborn, Massachusetts, March 4, 1805. 

" Navy Jacob Crowninshield, Massachusetts, March 3, 1805. 

Attorney General Robert Smith, Maryland, March 3, 1805. 

• « •< John Breckinridge, Kentucky, August 7, 1805. 

<« «« Caesar A. Rodney, Pennsylvania, January 20, 1807. 



SIXTH ADMINISTRATION. 



President James Madison, Virginia, March 4, 1809. 

Vice President George Clinton, New York, March 4, i8oj. 

Secretary of State Robert Smith, Maryland, March 6, 1809. 

.< << James Monroe, Virginia, April 2, 1811. 

" Treasury Albert Gallatin, Pennsylvania, March 4, 1809. 

<« Hf ar Wm. Eustis, Massachusetts, March 7, 1809. 

<« ii John Armstrong, New York, January 13, 1813. 

" Navy Paul Hamilton, South Carolina, March 7, 1809. 

<« " Wm. Jones, Pennsylvania, January 12, 1813. 

Attorney General Caesar A. Rodney, Pennsylvania, March 4, 1809. 

«« <« Wm. Pinkney, Maryland, December IX, 1811. 



30 EXECUTIVE ADMINISTRATIONS. 

SEVENTH ADMINISTRATION. 



President James Madison, Virginia, March 4, 1813 

Vice-President Elbridge Gerry, Massachusetts, March 4, 1813 

Secretary of State James Monroe, Virginia, March 4, 1813 

Treasury Albert Gallatin, Pennsylvania, March 4, 1813 

" " Geo. W. Campbell, Tennessee, February 9, 1814 

" " Alexander J. Dallas, Pennsylvania, October 6, 1814 

" " Wm. H. Crawford, Georgia, October 22, 1816, 

'' War James Monroe, Virginia, September 27, 1814 

" " Wm. H. Crawford, Georgia, August I, 1815 

" Navy Wm. Jones, Pennsylvania, March 4, 1813 

" B. W. Crowninshield, Massachusetts, December 19, 18 14 

Attorney General Wm. Pinkney, Maryland, March 4, 1813 

" " Richard Rush, Pennsylvania, February 10, 1814 



EIGHTH ADMINISTRATION. 



President James Monroe, Virginia, March 4, 1817. 

Vice-President Daniel D. Tompkins, New York, March 4, 1817. 

Secretary of State Jjhn Quincy Adams, Massachusetts, March 5, 1817. 

" Treasury Wm. H. Crawford, Georgia, March 5, 1817. 

War Isaac Shelby, Kentucky, March 5, 1817. 

" Geo. Graham, Virginia, August 7, 1817. 

" " John C. Calhoun.South Carolina, October 8, 1817. 

Navy B. W. Crowninshield, Massachusetts, March 5, 1817. 

" Smith Thompson, New York, November 9, iti8. 

Attorney General Richard Rush, Pennsylvania, March 5, 1817. 

" " Wm. Wirt, Virginia, November 13, 1817. 



NINTH ADMINISTRATION. 



President James Monroe, Virginia, March 4, 1821. 

Vice President Daniel D. Tompkins, New York, March 4, 1821. 

Secretary of State John Quincy Adams, Massachusetts, March 5, 1821. 

Treasury Wm. H. Crawford, Georgia, March 5, 1821. 

War John C. Calhoun, South Carolina, March 5, 1821. 

Navy Smith Thompson, New York, March, .5, 1821. 

" ....Samuel L. Southard, New Jersey, September 16, 1823. 
Attorney General Wm. Wirt, Virginia, March 5, 1821. 



«< 



EXECUTIVE ADMINISTRATIONS. 3 I 

TENTH ADMINISTRATION. 



President John Quincy Adams, Massachusetts, March 4, 1825 

Vice-President John C. Calhoun, South Carolina, March 4, 1825 

Secretary of Stale Henry Clay, Kentucky, March 7, 1825 

" Treasury Richard Rush, Pennsylvania, March 7, 1825 

" War James Barbour, Virginia, March 7, 1825 

" Peter B. Porter, New York, March 26, 1828 

" Navy Samuel L- Southard, New Jersey, March 4, 1825 

Attorney General Wm. Wirt, Virginia, March 4, 1825 



ELEVETH ADMINISTRATION. 



President Andrew Jackson, Tennessee, March 4, 1829. 

Vice President John C. Calhoun, South Carolina, March 4, 1S29. 

Secretary of State Martin Van Buren, New York, March 6, 1S29. 

" " Edward Livingaton, Louisiana, May 24, 1831. 

" Treasury Samuel D. Ingham, Pennsylvania, March 6, 1S29. 

" " Louia McLane, Delaware, August 8, 1831. 

War John H. Eaton, Tennessee, May 9, 1S29. 

" " Lewie Cass, Ohio, August 1, 1831. 

.Mjz^v John Branch, North Carolina, March 9, 1829. 

" Levi Woodbury, New Hampshire, May 23, 1831. 

Postmaster General Wm. T. Barry, Kentucky, March 9, 1829. 

Attorney General John M. Berrien, Georgia, March 9, 1829. 

" Roger B. Taney, Maryland, July 20, 1831. 



TWELFTH ADMINISTRATION. 



President Andrew Jackson, Tennessee, March 4, 1833 

Vice-President Martin Van Burem, New York, March 4, 1833 

Secretary of State Louis McLane, Delaware, May 29, 1833 

" John Forsyth, Georgia, June 27, 1834 

Treasury Wm. J. Duane, Pennsylvania, May 29, 1833 

" •' Roger B. Taney, Maryland, September 23, 1833 

" " Levi Woodbury, New Hampshire, June 27, 1834 

War LewiaCasa, Ohio, March 4, 1833 

" Navy Levi Woodbury, New Hampshire, March 4, 1S33 

" ..Mihlon Dickerson, New Jersey, June 30, 1834 

Postmaster General Wm. T. Barry, Kentucky, March 4, 1833 

" " Amoa Kendall, Kentucky, May i, 1835 

Attorney General Roger B. Taney, Maryland, March 4, 1833 

" " Benj. F. Butler, New York, November 15, 1S33 



32 EXECUTIVE ADMINISTRATIONS. 

THIRTEENTH ADMINISTRATION. 



President Martin Van Buren, New York, March 4, 1837. 

Vice-President Richard M. Johnson, Kentucky, March 4, 1837. 

Secretary of State John For»yth, Georgia, March 4, 1837. 

Treasury Levi Woodbury, New Hampshire, March 4, 1837. 

War B«nj. F. Butler, New York, March 3, 1837. 

" Joel R. Poinsett, South Carolina, March 7, 1837. 

Navy Mahlon Dickerson, New Jersey, March 4, 1837. 

" James K. Paulding, New York, June 25, 1838. 

Postmaster General Amos Kendall, Kentucky, March 4, 1837. 

" John M. Niles, Connecticut, May 19, 1840. 

Attorney General. Benj. F. Butler, New York, March 4, 1837. 

Felix Grundy, Tennessee, July 5, 1838. 

....Henry D. Gilpin, Pennsylvania, January, 11, 1840. 



<i 



11 



11 11 

11 11 



FOURTEENTH ADMINISTRATION. 



President William Henry Harrison, Ohio, March 4, 1841. 

Vice-President John Tyler, Virginia, March 4, 1841. 

Secretary of State Daniel Webster, Massachusetts, March 5, 1841. 

Treasury Thomas Ewing, Ohio, March 5, 1841. 

" War John Bell, Tennessee, March 5, 1841. 

" Navy Geo. E. Badger, North Carolina, March 5, 1841. 

Postmaster General Francis Granger, New York, March 6, 1841. 

Attorney General John J. Crittenden, Kentucky, March 5, 1841. 

President John Tyler, Virginia, Aprils, 1841. 

Secretary of State Daniel Webster, Massachusetts, April 6, 1841. 

Hugh S. Legare, South Carolina, May 9, 1843. 

" Abel P. Upshur, Virginia, July 24, 1843. 

" John C. Calhoun, South Carolina, March 6, 1844. 

Treasury Thomas Ewing, Ohio, April 6, 1841. 

" Walter Forward, Pennsylvania, September 13, 1841. 

" John C. Spencer, New York, March 3, 1843. 

" Geo. M. Bibb, Kentucky, June 15, 1844. 

War John Bell, Tennessee, April 6, 1841. 

" John McLean, Ohio, September 13, 1841. 

" John C. Spencer, New York, October 12, 1841. 

" James M. Porter, Pennsylvania, March 8, 1843. 

" Wm. Wilkins, Pennsylvania, February 15, 1844. 



<i 11 



11 



11 
11 
11 
11 
«< 



EXECUTIVE ADMINISTRATIONS. 33 

Secretary of Navy Geo. E. Badger, North Carolina, April 6, 1841. 

" " Abel P. Upshur, Virginia, September 13, 1841. 

<< " David Henshaw, Massachusetts, July 24, 1843. 

" " Thomas W. Gilmer, Virginia, February 15, 1844. 

<< •« John V. Mason, Virginia, March 14, 1844. 

Postmaster General Francis Granger, New York, April 6, 1841. 

" Chas. A. Wickliffe, Kentucky, September 13, 1841. 

Attorney General John J. Crittenden, Kentucky, April 6, 1841. 

" ....Hugh S. Legare, South Carolina, September 13, 1841. 

" '< Noel Nelson, Maryland, July 1, 1843. 



FIFTEENTH ADMINISTRATION. 



President James K. Polk, Tennessee, March 4, 1845. 

Vice-President Geo. M. Dallas, Penn»ylvania, March 4, 1845. 

Secretary of State James Buchanan, Pennsylvania, March 6, 1845. 

" Treasury Robert J. Walker, Mississippi, March 6, 1845. 

" War Wm. L. Marcy, New York, March 6, 1S45. 

" Navy Geo. Bancroft, Massachusetts, March 10, 1845. 

" " John Y. Mason, Virginia, September 9, 1846. 

Postmaster General Cave Johnson, Tennessee, March 6, 1845. 

Attorney General John V. Mason, Virginia, March 6, 1845. 

" " Nathan Clifford, Maine, October 17, [846. 

" " Isaac Toucey, Connecticut, June 21, 1848. 



SIXTEENTH ADMINISTRATION. 



President Zachary Taylor, Louisiana, March 4, 1849. 

Vice-President Millard Fillmore, New York, March 4, 1S49. 

Secretary of Stat, John M. Clayton, Delaware, March 7, 1S49. 

" Treasury Win. M Meredith, Pennsylvania, March 8, 1849. 

" Wat Geo. W.Crawford, Georgia, March 8, 1849. 

" Navy Wm. P. Preston, Virginia, March 8, 1849. 

" Interior Thomas Ewing, Ohio, March 8, 1849. 

Postmaster General Jacob Collamer, Vermont, March 8, 1849. 

Attorney General Reverdy Johnson, Maryland, March 8, 1849. 

President Millard Fillmore, New York, July 10, 1850. 

Secretary of State Daniel Webster, Massachusetts, July 22, 1850. 

" " Edward Everett, Massachusetts, December 6, 1S52. 

" Treasury Thos. Corwin, Ohio, July 23, 1850. 

3 



34 EXECUTIVE ADMINISTRATIONS. 

Secretary of War Edward Bates, Missouri, July 20, 1850. 

" Winfield Scott, {ad interim), July 23, 1850. 

" Chas. M. Conrad, Louisiana, August 15, 1850. 

Navy Wm. A. Graham, North Carolina, July 22, 1850. 

" John P. Kennedy, Maryland, July 22, 1852. 

Interior James A. Pearce, Maryland, July 20, 1850. 

" Thos. M. T. McKennan, Pennsylvania, August 15, 1850. 
" ...Alexander H. H. Stuart, Virginia, September 12, 1850. 

Postmaster General Nathan K. Hall, New York, July 23, 1850. 

" " Samuel D. Hubbard, Connecticut, August 31, 1852. 

Attorney General John J. Crittenden, Kentucky, July 22, 1850. 






<< 



it 



SEVENTEENTH ADMINISTRATION. 



President Franklin Pierce, New Hampshire, March 4, 1853. 

Vice-President Wm. R. King, Alabama, March 4, 1853. 

Secretary of State Wm. L. Marcy, New York, March 7, 1853. 

Treasury James Guthrie, Kentucky, March 7, 1853. 

War Jefferson Davis, Mississippi, March 7, 1853. 

Navy James C. Dobbin, North Carolina, March 7, 1853. 

Interior Robert McClelland, Michigan, March 7, 1853. 

Postmaster General James Campbell, Pennsylvania, March 7, 1853. 

Attorney General Caleb Gushing, Massachusetts, March, 7, 1853. 



<< 

<< 
<< 



EIGHTEENTH ADMINISTRATION. 



President James Buchanan, Pennsylvania, March 4, 1857. 

Vice President John C. Beckinridge, Kentucky, March 4, 1857. 

Secretary of State Lewis Cass, Michigan, March 6, 1857. 

" ...Jeremiah S. Black, Pennsylvania, December, 17, i860. 

Treasury Howell Cobb, Georgia, March 6, 1857. 

" Philip F. Thomas, Maryland, December 12, i860. 

John A. Dix, New York, January 11, 1861. 

War John B. Floyd, Virginia, March 6, 1857. 

" Joseph Holt, Kentucky, January 8, 1861. 

Navy Isaac Toucey, Connecticut, March 6, 1857, 

Interior Jacob Thompson, Mississippi, March 6, 1857. 

Postmaster General Aaron V. Brown, Tennessee, March 6, 1857. 

Joseph Holt, Kentucky, March 14, 1859. 

" Horatio King, Maine, February 12, 1861. 

Attorney General Jeremiah S. Black, Pennsylvania, March 6, 1857. 

" ..Edward M. Stanton, Pennsylvania, December 20, i860. 



<< 

(i 

<< <> 

<< << 

<< 

< < 

H 

II 

It 



EXECUTIVE ADMINISTRATIONS. 35 

NINETEENTH ADMINISTRATION. 



President Abraham Lincoln, Illinois, March, 4, 1S61. 

Vice-President Hannibal Hamlin, Maine, March 4, 1S61. 

Secretary of State Wm. H. Seward, New York, March 5, 1861. 

" Treasury Salmon P. Chase, Ohio, March 5, 1S61. 

" Wm. Pitt Fessenden, Maine, July 1, 1864. 

" War. Simon Cameron, Pennsylvania, March 5, 1S61. 

" Edwin M. Stanton, Pennsylvania, January 15, 1862. 

Navy Gideon Welles, Connecticut, March 5, 1861. 

Interior Caleb B. Smith, Indiana, March 5, 1S61. 

" John P. Usher, Indiana, January 8, 1863. 

Postmaster General Montgomery Blair, Maryland, March 5, 1861. 

" Wm. Dennison, Ohio, September 24, 1864. 

Attorney General Edward Bates, Missouri, March 5, 1861. 

" T. J. Coffey, Pennsylvania, June 22, 1863. 

" James Speed, Kentucky, December 2, 1S64. 

TWENTIETH ADMINISTRATION. 

President Abraham Lincoln, Illinois, March 4, 1865. 

Vice-President Andrew Johnson, Tennessee, March 4, 1865. 

Secretary of State Wm. H. Seward, New York, March 4, 1865. 

" Treasury Hugh McCullough, Indiana, March 7, 1865. 

War Edwin M. Stanton, Pennsylvania, March 4, 1865. 

Navy Gideon Welles, Connecticut, March 4, 1865. 

Interior John P. Usher, Indiana, March 4, 1865. 

Postmaster General Wm. Dennison, Ohio, March 4, 1865. 

Attorney General James Speed, Kentucky, March 4, 1865. 

President Andrew Johnson, Tennessee, April 15, 1865. 

Secretary of Stale Wm. H. Seward, New York, April 15, 1865. 

" Treasury Hugh McCullough, Indiana, April 15, 1865. 

War Edwin M. Stanton, Pennsylvania, April 15, 1S65. 

(Stanton suspended August 12, 1867 ; re-instated January 14, 1868.) 

" War U. S. Grant, Illinois, August 12, 1867. 

" Edwin M. Stanton, Pennsylvania, January, 14, 1868. 

" Lorenzo Thomas, Delaware, February 21, 1868. 

" John M. Schofield, Illinois, May 28, 1868. 

Navy Gideon Welles, Connecticut, April 15, 1865. 

Interior John P. Usher, Indiana, April 15, 1865. 

James Harlan, Iowa, May 15, 1865. 

O H. Browning, Illinois, July 27, 1866. 

Postmaster General Wm. Dennison, Ohio, April 15, 1865. 



<i 



11 11 

11 11 



36 EXECUTIVE ADMINISTRATIONS. 

Postmaster General Alex. \V. Randall, Wisconsin, July 2.5, 1866, 

Attorney General James Speed, Kentucky, April 15, 1865. 

" Henry Stanberry, Ohio, July 23, 1866. 

" Wm. M. Evarts, New York, July 15, 186S. 



TWENTY-FIRST ADMINISTRATION. 



President Ulysses S. Grant, Illinois, March 4 

Vice President Schuyler Colfax, Indiana, March 4 

Secretary of State E B. Washburne, Illinois, March 5 

" " Hamilton Fish, New York, March 11 

" Treasury Geo. S. Boutwell, Massachusetts, March 11 

" War John A. Rawlins, Illinois, March 11 

" " Wm. T. Sherman, Ohio, September 9 

" Wm. W. Belknap, Iowa, October 25 

" Navy Adolph E. Borie, Pennsylvania, March 5 

" " Geo. M. Robeson, New Jersey, June 25 

" Interior Jacob D. Cox, Ohio, March 5 

" " Columbus Delano, Ohio, November 1 

Postmaster General John A. J. Creswell, Maryland, March 5 

Attorney General E. R»ckwood Hoar, Massachusetts, March 5 

" " Amos T. Akerman, Georgia, June 23 

" " George H. Williams, Oregon, December 14 



1869. 
1869. 
1869. 
1869. 
1S69. 
1869. 
1869. 
1869. 
1869. 
1869. 
1S69. 
1870. 
1869. 
1869. 
1870. 
1871. 



TWENTY-SECOND ADMINISTRATION. 



President Ulysses S. Grant, Illinois, March 4, 1873. 

Vice-President Henry Wilson, Massachusetts, March 4, 1873. 

Secretary 0/ State Hamilton Fish, New York, March 4, 1873. 

Treasury.. Wm. A. Richardson, Massachusetts, March 17, 1873. 

" Benj. H. Bristow, Kentucky, June 2, 1874. 

" " LottM. Morrill, Maine, June 21, 1876. 

" War Wm. W. Belknap, Iowa, March 4, 1873. 

" Alphonso Taft, Ohio, March 8, 1876. 

" James Donald Cameron, Pennsylvania, May 22, 1876. 

Navy Geo. M. Robeson, New Jersey, March 4, 1873. 

Interior Columbus Delano, Ohio, March 4, 1873. 

" Zachariah Chandler, Michigan, October 19, 1875. 

Postmaster General. John A. J. Cresswell, Maryland, March 4, 1873. 

" Marshall Jewell, Connecticut, April 24, 1874. 

" James M. Tyner, Indiana, July 12, 1876. 

Attorney General Geo. H. Williams, Oregon, March 4, 1873. 

" Edwards Pierrepont, New York, April 26, 1875. 

" " Alphonso Taft, Ohio, May 22, 1876. 



EXECUTIVE ADMINISTRATIONS. $7 



* 
TWENTY-THIRD ADMINISTRATION. 



President Rutherford B. Hayes, Ohio, March 4, 1877. 

Vice-President Wm. A. Wheeler, New York, March 4, 1S77. 

Secretary 0/ State Wm. M. Evarts, New York, March 12, 1877. 

" Treasury John Sherman, Ohio, March 8, 1877. 

" War Geo. W. McCrary, Iowa, March 12, 1S77. 

" " Alexander Ramsay, Minnesota, December 10, 1879. 

" Xazy Richard W. Thompson, Indiana, March 12, 1877. 

" " Nathan Goff, West Virginia, January 10, 1SS1. 

" Interior Carl Schurz, Missouri, March 12, 1S77. 

Postmaster General David M. Key, Tennessee, March 12, 1S77. 

" " Horace Maynard, Tennessee, August 25, 1SS0. 

Attorney General Chas. Deveus, Massachusetts, March 12, 1S77. 



TWENTY-FOURTH ADMINISTRATION. 



President James A. Garfield, Ohio, March 4, 1881. 

/ President Chester A. Arthur, New York, March 4, 1881. 

Secretary of State James G. Blaine, Maine, March 5, 1SS1. 

Treasury Wm. Windotn, Minnesota, March 5, 1881. 

" War Robert T. Lincoln, Illinois, March 5, 1881. 

Navy Wm. L. Hunt, Louisiana, March 5, 1881. 

" Interior Samuel J. Kirkwwd, Iowa, March 5, 1881. 

Postmaster General Thomas L. James, New York, March 5, 18S1. 

Attorney General Wayne MacVeagh, Pennsylvania, March 5, 1881. 

Secretary of Agriculture. ..Geo. B. Loring, Massachusetts, May 19, 1SS1. 



President Chester A. Arthur, New York, September 20, 1881. 

Secretary of State Fred. T. Frelinghuysen, Newjersey, Dec. 12, 1881. 

" Treasury Chas. J. Folger, New York, October 27, 1881. 

" " Hugh McCullough, Indiana, October 28, 1884. 

" War Robert T. Lincoln, Illinois, September 20, 1881. 

Navy Wm. E. Chandler, New Hampshire, April 1, 1882. 

Postmaster General.... Timothy O. Howe, Wisconsin, December 20, 1881. 
" Walter Q. Gresham, Indiana, April 3, 1883. 

" " Frank Hatton, Iowa, October 14, 1884. 

Secretary of Interior Henry M. Teller, Colorado, April 17, 1882. 

Attorney General. ..Beuj. H. Brewster, Pennsylvania, December 19, 1881. 
Secretary of Agriculture. ..Geo. B. Loring, Massachusetts, Sept. 19, 1881. 



2,8 EXECUTIVE ADMINISTRATIONS. 

TWENTY-FIFTH ADMINISTRATION. 



President Grover Cleveland, New York, March 4, 1885. 

Vice-President Thomas A. Hendricks, Indiana, March 4, 1885. 

Secretary of State Thomas F. Bayard, Delaware, March 6, 1885. 

" Treasury Daniel Manning, New York, March 6, 1885. 

" Chas. S. Fairchild, New York, April 1, 1887. 

" War. Wm. C. Endicott, Massachusetts, March 6, 1885. 

" Navy Wm. C. Whitney, New York, March 6, 1885. 

Postmaster General Wm. F. Vilas, Wisconsin, March 6, 1885. 

" " Don M. Dickinson, Michigan, January 16, 1888. 

Secretary of Interior L. Q. C. Lamar, Mississippi, March 6, 1885. 

" u Wm. F. Vilas, Wisconsin, January 16, 1888. 

Attorney General Agustus H. Garland, Arkansas, March 6, 1885. 

Secretary of Agriculture Norman J. Coleman, Missouri, April 2, 1885. 



TWENTY-SIXTH ADMINISTRATION. 



President Benjamin Harrison, Indiana, March 4, 1889. 

Vice President Levi P. Morton, New York, March 4, 1889. 

Secretary of State James G. Blaine, Maine, March 5, 1889. 

Treasury Wm. Windom, Minnesota, March 5, 1889. 

" Chas. Foster, Ohio, February 25, 1891. 

" War Redfield Proctor, Vermont, March 5, 1889. 

" ...Stephen B. Elkins, West Virginia, December 17, 1891. 

Navy Benj. F. Tracy, New York, March 5, 1889. 

Postmaster General. .John Wannamaker, Pennsylvania, March 5, 1S89. 

Secretary of Interior John W. Noble, Missouri, March 5, 1889. 

Attorney General Wm. H. H. Miller, Indiana, March 5, 1889. 

Secretary of Agriculture. ..Jeremiah M. Rusk, Wisconsin, March 5, 1889. 



UNITED STATES SENATORS. 



The following is a complete list of the United 
States senators from the time of the adoption of the 
constitution to the present date, showing the time of 
service of each. 

* Those who served as president pro tern. 

f Died. 

\ Appointed. 

J| Retigned. 

\ Expelled. 

ALABAMA. 

*William R. King 1S19-1S44. 

John W. Walker || 1819-1822. 

William Kelly 1823-1825. 

Henry Chambers f 1825-1826. 

Israel Pickens } 1826-1826. 

JohnMcKinley 1826 1831. 

Gabriel Moore 1831-1837. 

Clement C. Clay || 1837-1841. 

Arthur P. Bagby || 1841-1848. 

Dixon H. Lewis % t 1844-1848. 

Benjamin Fitzpatrick % 1848-1849. 

*William R. King % || 1848-1852. 

Jeremiah Clemens 1849-1853. 

*Benjamin Fitzpatrick \ 1853-1861, retired. 

Clement C. Clay, Jr 1853-1861, retired. 

37th, 38th, and 39th Congresses vacant. 

George R. Spencer 1868-1880. 

Willard Warner 1868-1872. 

George Goldthwaite 1872-1877. 

John T. Morgan 1877 

George Smith Houston | 1879-1880. 

James L. Pugh 1880 



4-0 UNITED STATES SENATORS. 

ARKANSAS. 



William S. Fulton f 1836-1S44. 

Ambrose H. Sevier 1S36-1848. 

Chester Ashley f 1844 1848. 

Solon Borland J || 1848-1853. 

William K. Sebastian % 1S48-1861. 

Robert W. Johnson J 1853-1861. 

37th, 38th, and 39th Congresses vacant. 

Alexander McDonald 1 868-1871. 

Benjamin F. Rice 1868-1873. 

Powell Clayton 1871-1877. 

Stephen W. Dorsey 1873-1879. 

Augustus H. Garland || 1877-1885. 

James D. Walker 1879-1885. 

James K. Jones 1885 

James H. Berry 1885 



CALIFORNIA. 



John C. Fremont 1850-1852. 

William M. Guin 1S50-1861. 

John B. Weller 1852-1857. 

David C. Broderick f 1857-1859. 

Henry P. Haun J 1859-1860. 

Milton S. Latham 1860-1863. 

James A. McDougall 1861-1867. 

John Conners 1863-1869. 

Cornelius Cole 1867-1873. 

Eugene Casserly || 1869-1873. 

John S. Hager 1874-1875. 

Aaron A. Sargent 1873-1879. 

Newton Booth 1875-188 1. 

James T. Farley 1879 1885. 

John F. Miller f 1881-1886. 

Eeland Stanford 1885 

George Hearst t 1886-1886. 

Abram P. Williams 1886-1887. 

George Hurst f 18S7-1S91. 

Charles N. Feltou 1891 



UNITED STATES SENATORS. 4 1 

COLORADO. 



Jerome B. Chaffee 1S76-1879. 

Henry M. Teller I i s ;6 i v ^- 

Nathaniel P. Hill 1S79-1SS5. 

Horace A. W. Tabor + [882-1883. 

Thomas M. Bowen 1883-1889. 

Henry M. Teller 1885 

Edward O. Wolcott 1889 



CONNECTICUT. 



Oliver Ellsworth || ' 

William S. Johnson '7 S 9" 

Roger Sherman | '79'" 

Stephen Nix Mitchell - '793" 

*James Hillhouse || i/~9 6 

Jonathan Trumbull || '79 6 " 

*Uriah Tracy t '796- 

Chauncy Goodrich || ' 

Samuel W. Dana ' Sl °- 

David Daggett l8l 3" 

Jamea Lanman J 1819- 

Elijafa Boardman f 1821- 

Il-nry W. Edwards + 1823- 

Calvin Willey [825- 

Samuel A. Foot ' 

Gideon Tomliuson lS 5' 

Nathan Smith f 1833- 

John M. Niles X ; 

Perry Smith i 8 37- 

Thadeus Betts f l8 39" 

Jabez W. Huntington | l8 4°- 

John M. Niles J 1843- 

Roger S. Baldwin l8 47" 

Truman Smith || lS 49 

Isaac Toucey ._ 1 s 5 2 

Francis Gillett l8 54- 

*Lafayette S. Foster lS 55 

James Dixon ' 8 57 - 

Orris S. Ferry f l86 7" 

Wm. A. Buckingham | l86 9 - 



796. 
791- 
793- 
795- 
810. 
796. 
807. 

S13. 

Si 9. 

B21. 
S25. 

827. 
831. 

S33- 
837. 

*35- 
8 39- 

843- 

840. 

847. 
S49. 

852. 

s 54 . 

857- 

8 55- 
867. 
869. 

875- 

8 75- 



42 UNITED STATES SENATORS. 

Wm. W. Eaton % 1875-1881. 

James E. English % . 1875-1876. 

Wm. H. Barnum 1876-1879. 

Orville H. Piatt 1879 

Joseph R. Hawley 1881 



DELAWARE. 



Richard Bassett 1789-1793. 

Geo. Read || 1789-1793. 

Henry Latimer 1794-1801. 

John Vining || 1793-1798. 

Joshua Clayton f 1798 1798. 

William Hill Wells || 1799 1804. 

Samuel White f 1801-1809. 

James A. Bayard || 1805-1813. 

Outerbridge Horsey 1810-1822. 

William H. Wells 1813-1818. 

Nicholas Van Dyke t 1818-1826. 

Caesar A. Rodney % || 1822-1823. 

Thomas Clayton 1824 1827. 

Daniel Rodney 1826-1827. 

Henry M. Ridgely 1827-1829. 

Louis McLane || 1827-1829. 

John M. Clayton || 1829-1836. 

Arnold Naudain || 1830-1836. 

Richard H. Bayard 1836-1845. 

Thomas Clayton 1837-1847. 

John M. Clayton || 1845-1849. 

Presley Spruance 1847-1853. 

John Wales 1S49-1851. 

James A. Bayard || 1851-1864. 

John M. Clayton f 1853-1856. 

Joseph P. Comegys % 1856-1858. 

Martin W. Bates 1858-1859. 

Willard Saulsbury 1859-187 1. 

George Read Riddle t 1864-1867. 

James A. Bayard J 1867-1869. 

* Thomas Francis Bayard 1869-1885. 

Eli Saulsbury 1871-1889. 

George Gray 1885 

Anthony Higgins 1889 



UNITED STATES SENATORS. 43 

FLORIDA. 



James D. Westcott, Jr 1845-1S49. 

David Levy Yulee 1845-1851. 

Jackson Morton 1S49-1S61, retired. 

Stephen R. Mallory 1851-1861, retired. 

37th, 38th, and 39th Congresses vacant. 

Thomas W. Osborn 1868-1S73. 

Adonijah S. Welch 1868-1869. 

Abij ah Gilbert 1 869-1875. 

Simon B. Conover 1873-1S79. 

Charles W. Jones 1S75-18S7. 

Wilkinson Call 1879 

Samuel Pasco J 887 



GEORGIA. 



William Few 1789-1793- 

James Gunn 1789-1801. 

James Jackson || I793- I ~95. 

George Walton J '795-I79 6 - 

Josiah Tatnall I79 6 - J 799- 

♦Abraham Baldwin f 1799-1807. 

James Jackson | 1801-1806. 

*John Milledge || 1806-1809. 

George Jones J 1807-1S07. 

*William H. Crawford || 1807-1813. 

Charles Tait 1 809-1819. 

William B. Bullock J 1S13-1S13. 

William Wyatt Bibb || 1813-1816. 

George M. Troup || 1816-1819. 

John Forsyth || 1818-1S19. 

Freeman Walker || 1819-1821. 

John Ellott 1819-1825. 

Nicholas Ware f 1821-1824. 

Thomas W. Cobb || 1824-1828. 

John McPherson Berrien || 1825-1829. 

Oliver H. Prince 1828-1829. 

John Forsyth || 1829-1834. 

George M. Troup 1829-1S33. 

Alfred Cuthbert 1835-1843. 

John P. King || 1833-1837. 

Wilson Lumpkin 1837- 1841. 

John M. Berrien 1841-1852. 



44 UNITED STATES SENATORS. 

Walter T. Colquitt || 1843-1848. 

Herschell V. Johnson J 1848-1849. 

William C. Dawson 1S49-1855. 

Robert M. Charlton J 1852-1853. 

Robert Toombs 1853 

Alfred Iverson § 1855-1861. 

37th, 38th, 39th, and 40th Congresses vacant. 

Joshua Hill 1871-1873. 

H. V. M. Miller 1871-1871. 

Thomas Mauson Norwood 1871-1877. 

John B. Gordon || 1873-1880. 

Benjamin H. Hill f 1877-1882. 

Joseph E. Brown J 1880-1891. 

Pope Barrow 1S82-1883. 

Alfred H. Colquitt 1883 

John B. Gordon 1891 



IDAHO. 



George L. Shoup 1890 

W. J. McConnell 1890-1891. 

FredT. Dubois 1891 



ILLINOIS. 



Ninian Edwards 1818-1824. 

Jesse B. Thomas 1818-1829. 

John McLean 1824-1825. 

Elias K. Kane f 1825-1835. 

Johu McLean f 1829-1S30. 

David J. Baker f 1830-1831 

John M. Robinson 1831-1841. 

William D. Ewing 1 836-1837. 

Richard M. Young 1837-1843. 

Samuel McRoberts f 1841-1843. 

Sydney Breese 1S43-1849. 

James Semple J 1843-1847. 

Stephen A. Douglas | 1847-1861. 

James Shields 1849-1855. 

Lyman Trumbull 1S55-1S73. 

Orville H. Browning J 1861-1S63. 

Willam A. Richardson 1863-1865. 



UNITED STATES SENATORS. 45 

Richard Yates 1S65-1S71. 

John A. Logan 1871-1S77. 

Richard J. Oglesby 1S73-1S79. 

*David Davis 1S77-1S83. 

John A. Logan f 1879-1SS7. 

Shelby M. Cullom 1883 

Charles B. Farwell 18S7-1S91. 

John M. Palmer 1S91 



INDIANA. 



James Noble t 1S16-1S31. 

Waller Taylor 1816-1825. 

William Hendricks 1825- 1S37. 

Robert Hanna + 1831-1832. 

John Tipton 1S32-1S39. 

Oliver H. Smith 1837-1843. 

Alberts. White 1839-1845. 

Edward A. Hannegan 1843-1849. 

*Jesse D. Bright \ 1845-1S62. 

James Whitcomb f 1849-1852. 

Charles W. Cathcart % i s 52' 

John Petit 1853-1857. 

Graham N. Finch 1857-1861. 

Joseph A. Wright \ 1862-1863. 

David Turpie 1 863-1863. 

Henry S. Lane 1861-1867. 

Thomas A. Hendricks 1863 1869. 

Oliver P. Morton f 1867-1877. 

Daniel D. Pratt 1S69-1S75. 

Joseph E. McDonald 1875-1881. 

Daniel W. Voorhees i§77 

Benjamin Harrison 1 881 -1887. 

David Turpie l8s 7 



IOWA. 



S. Clinton Hastings 1S46-1848. 

Shepherd Leffler 1846-1848- 

Augustus C- Dodge 1848-1855. 

George W. Jones 1S48-1859. 

James Harlan || 1855-1865. 

James W. Grimes || 1859-1869. 



46 UNITED STATES SENATORS. 

Samuel J. Kirkwood 1 866-1869. 

James B. Howell 1870-1871. 

James Harlan 1869-1873. 

George G. Wright 1871-1877. 

William B. Allison 1873 

Samuel J. Kirkwood || 1877-1881. 

James Wilson McDill % 1881-1883. 

James F. Wilson 1883 



KANSAS. 



James H. Lane | 1861-1866. 

Samuel C. Pomeroy 1 861 -1873. 

Edmund G. Ross J 1866-1871. 

Alexander Caldwell || 1S71-1873. 

Robert Crozier J 1873-1874. 

James M. Harvey 1874-1877. 

*John J. Ingalls 1S73-1891. 

P. B. Plumb f 1877-1891. 

William A. Peffer 1891 

Bishop W. Perkins I 1892 



KENTUCKY. 



*John Brown 1791-1807. 

John Edwards 1 791-1795. 

Humphrey Marshall... 1 795-1801. 

John Breckinridge || 1801-1805. 

John Adair || 1805-1806. 

Henry Clay 1806-1807. 

*John Pope 1807-1813. 

Buckner Thurston || 1807-1809. 

Henry Clay 1810-1811. 

George M. Bibb || 1811-1814. 

George Walker J 1814-1815. 

William T. Barry || 1815-1816. 

Jesse Bledsoe 1813-1815. 

Isham Talbot 1815-1819. 

Martin D. Hardin J 1816-1817. 

John J. Crittenden || 1817-1819. 

Richard M. Johnson 1820-1829. 

William Logan || 1819-1820. 

Isham Talbot 1820-1825. 



UNITED STATES SENATORS. 47 

John Rowan 1S25-1831. 

George M. Bibb 1829-1835. 

Henry Clay || 1S31-1S42. 

John J. Crittenden 1835-1841. 

James T. Moorehead 1S41-1S47. 

John J. Crittenden || 1842-1S48. 

Thomas Metcalfe J 1848-1S49. 

Joseph R. Underwood 1 847-1853. 

Henry Clay f 1849-1852. 

David Merriweather % 1S52-1S52. 

Archibald Dixon 1S52-1855. 

John B. Thompson 1S53-1S59. 

John J. Crittenden 1855-1861. 

Lazarus W. Powell 1859-1S65. 

John C. Breckinridge \ 1861-1861. 

Garrett Davis f 1861-1872. 

James Guthrie || 1865-1868. 

Thomas C. McCreery 1868-1S71. 

Willis B. Machen \ 1872-1S73. 

John W. Stevenson 1871-1877. 

Thomas W. McCreery 1873-1879. 

James B. Beck 1877-1889. 

JohnS. Williams 1S79-1S85. 

Joseph C. S. Blackburn 1SS5 

John G. Carlisle 1889 



LOUISIANA. 



John Noel Destrahan || 1812-1812 

Thomas Posey J 1812-1813 

James Brown 1813-1817 

Allen B. Magruder 18121813 

Eligius Fromentin 1813-1819 

William C C. Claiborne f 1817-1817 

Henry Johnson || 1818-1824 

James Brown || 1819-1S23 

Dom inique Bouligny 1 S24- 1829 

Josiah S. Johnston f 1824-1833 

Edward Livingston || 1829-1831 

George A. Waggaman 1832- 1835 

Alexander Porter || 1834-1837 

Alexander Moulton || 1837-1842 

Charles E. A. Gayarre 1S3S-1835 

Robert Carter Nicholas 1836-1842 



48 UNITED STATES SENATORS. 

Charles M. Conrad 1842-1843. 

Alexander Barrow f 1843-1S46. 

Alexander Porter f 1843-1S44. 

Henry Johnson 1844- 1847. 

Pierre Soule || 1847-1853. 

Solomon W. Downs 1S47-1S53. 

Judah P. Benjamin 1853-1861, retired. 

JohnSlidell 1853-1861 

Benjamin P. Flanders ,...1863 vacant. 

Michael Hahn 1863 vacant. 

38th and 39th Congresses vacant. 

John S. Harris 1868-1871. 

William Pitt Kellogg 1868-1874. 

J. Rodman West 1871-1877. 

J. B. Eustis 1877-1879. 

William Pitt Kellogg 1877-1883. 

Benjamin F. Jonas 1879-1885. 

Randall Lee Gibson 1883 

Edward D. White 1891 



MAINE. 



John Chandler 1820-1830. 

John Holmes 1820-1827. 

Albion K. Parris || 1827-1828. 

John Holmes 1829- 1833. 

Peleg Sprague || 1830-1835. 

John Ruggles 1835-1S41. 

Ether Shepley || 1833-1836. 

Judah Dana X 1836-1837. 

Renel Williams 1837 1843 

George Evans 1841-1847. 

John Fairfield f 1S43-1847. 

Wyman B. S. Moor J 1848-1848. 

Hannibal Hamlin || 1848-1857. 

James W. Bradbury 1847-1854. 

William Pitt Fessenden || 1854-1864. 

Amos Nourse J 1857-1857. 

Hannibal Hamlin || 1857-1861. 

Lot M. Morrill J 1861-1869. 

Nathan A. Farwell 1864-1865. 

William Pitt Fessenden t 1865-1869. 



UNITED STATES SENATORS. 49 

Lot M. Morrill ; 1869-1S75. 

Hannibal Hamlin 1869-1S81. 

James G. Blaine || 1875-1881. 

Eugene Hale l8Sl 

William P. Frye 1881 



MARYLAND. 



Charles Carroll || 17S9-1792 

John Henry | 1789-1797, 

Richard Potts || I793-I79 6 

♦John Eager Howard 1796-1S01, 

James Lloyd || 1798 1S00 

William Hindman 1S00-1S03 

Robert Wright || 1801-1806 

♦Samuel Smith 1803-1816, 

Philip Reed 1806-1M i 

Robert Henry Goldsborough 1813-1819 

Robert G. Harper || 1816-1S16, 

Alexander Contee Hanson f 1817-1819 

William Pinkney f 1820-1822 

Edward Lloyd || .• 1819-1826, 

♦Samuel Smith 1822-1833, 

Ezekiel F. Chambers || 1 826-1834 

Robert II. Goldsborough f i> s 35i 8 3 6 ' 

Joseph Kent t 1833-1837, 

JohnS. Spencef 1837-1S40, 

William D. Merrick 183S-1S45, 

John Leeds Ker 1841-1843 

James Alfred Pearce f 1843-1862 

Reverdy Johnson || 1845-1849 

David Stewart | 1849 1850. 

Thomas G. Pratt 1850-1857, 

Anthony Kennedy 1857-1863. 

Thomas H. Hicks t t 1863-1865. 

Reverdy Johnson || 1863-1S68. 

John A. J. Creswell 1865-1868. 

W. Pinckney White J 1868-1869. 

George Vickers 1868-1873, 

William T. Hamilton 1869-1875. 

George R. Dennis 1873-1879. 

4 



50 UNITED STATES SENATORS. 

W. Pinckney White 1875-1881. 

James B. Groome 1879-1885. 

Arthur P. Gorman 1881 

Ephraim King Wilson f 1885-1891. 

Charles H. Gibson || 1891 



MASSACHUSETTS. 



Tristram Dalton 1789-1791. 

Caleb Strong || 1789-1796. 

George Cabot || 1791-1796. 

Benjamin Goodhue || 1796-1800. 

*Theodore Sedgwick || 1796-1799. 

Jonathan Mason 1800-1803. 

Samuel Dexter || 1799-1800. 

Dwight Foster || 1800-1803. 

John Quincy Adams || 1803-1808. 

Timothy Pickering 1803-1811. 

James Lloyd, Jr. || 1808-1813. 

*Joseph B. Varnum 1811-1817. 

Christopher Gore || 1813-1816. 

Eli P. Ashmun || 1816-1818. 

Prentiss Mellen || 1818-1820. 

Harrison Gray Otis [| 1817-1822. 

Elijah H. Mills 1820-1827. 

James Lloyd || 1822-1826. 

Nathaniel Sillsbee 1826-1835. 

Daniel Webster || 1827-1841. 

John Davis \\ 1835-1840. 

Isaac C. Bales f 1841-1845. 

Rufus Choate 1841-1845. 

John Davis 1845-1853. 

Daniel Webster || 1845-1850. 

Robert C. Winthrop t 1850-1851. 

Robert Rantoul, Jr 1851-1851. 

Charles Sumner f 1851-1S74. 

Edward Everett || 1853-1854. 

Julius Rockwell f 1854-1855, 

Henry Wilson || 1855-1873. 

George S. Boutwell 1873- 1877. 

William B. Washburn 1874-1875. 

Henry L. Dawes 1875 

George F. Hoar 1877 



UNITED STATES SENATORS. 5 I 

MICHIGAN. 



Lucius Lyon i S37 i S40. 

John Norvell 1837-1S41. 

Augustus S. Porter 1840-1845. 

William Woodbridge 1841-1S47. 

Lewis Cass T845-1848. 

Thomas Fitzgerald 1S4S-1S49. 

*Lewis Cass 1S49-1S57. 

Alpheus Felch 1S47-1853. 

*Chas. E. Stewart 1853-1859. 

Zachariah Chandler 1S57-1875. 

Kingsley S. Bingham f 1859-1861. 

Jacob M. Howard 1S62-1871. 

Isaac P. Christiancy || 1S75-1879. 

*Thomas W. Ferry 1S71-1883. 

Zachariah Chandler f 1S79-1879. 

Henry P. Baldwin % 1879-1881. 

Omar D. Conger 1881-1887. 

Thomas W. Palmer 1S83-1889. 

Francis B. Stockbridge 1 887 

James McMillan 1889 



MINNESOTA. 



Henry M. Rice 1858-1863. 

James Shields 185S-1S59. 

Morton S. Wilkinson 1859-1865. 

Alexander Ramsey 1863-1875. 

DanielS. Norton f 1865-1870. 

William Windom % 1870-1871. 

Ozora P. Stearns 1871-1871. 

William Windom || 1871-1881. 

Samuel J. R. McMillan 1875-1887. 

Alonzo J. Edgerton % 1881-1881. 

William Windom 1881-1883. 

Dwight MaySabin 1883-1889. 

Cushman Kellogg Davis 1887 

William D. Washburn 1889 



52 UNITED STATES SENATORS. 

MISSISSIPPI. 



Walter Leake || 1817-1820. 

Thomas H. Williams 1817.1829. 

David Holmes || 1S20-1S25. 

Powhatan Ellis J 1825-1826. 

Thomas B. Reed f 1826-1829. 

Powhatan Ellis || 1829-1832. 

Robert H. Adams f 1S29-1S30. 

*George Poindexer J 1830-1836. 

John Black J || 1832-1838. 

Robert J. Walker || 1836-1845. 

James F. Trotter || 1838-183S. 

Thomas H. Williams t 1838-1839. 

John Henderson 1839-1845. 

Joseph W. Chalmers J 1S45-1847. 

Jesse Speight 1845-1847. 

Jefferson Davis || 1847-1S51. 

Henry S. Foote 1847-1852. 

John I. McRaeJ 1851-1852. 

Stephan Adams 1852-1857. 

Walter Brooke 1852-1S54. 

Albert G. Brown § 1854-1861. 

Jefferson Davis \ 1857-1861. 

37th, 38th, 39th and 40th Congresses vacant. 

Adelbert Ames || 1870-1874. 

Hiram R. Revels 1870-1871. 

James Lusk Acorn 1871-1877. 

Henry R. Pease 1874-1875. 

Blanche K. Bruce 1875-1881. 

Lucius Q. C. Lamar || 1877-1885. 

James Z. George 1881 

Edward C. Walthall J 1885 

MISSOURI. 

David Barston 1821-1831. 

Thomas H. Benton 1821-1851. 

Alexander Buckner f 1831-1833. 

Lewis F. Linn % f 1833-1843. 

*David R. Atchison J 1843-1857. 

Henry S. Geyer. 1851-1857. 

James Stephens Green 1857-1861. 

Trusten Polk \ 1857 1862. 



UNITED STATES SENATORS. 53 

John B. Henderson J 1S63-1S69. 

Waldo Porter Johnson \ 1861-1S62. 

Robert Wilson % 1S62-1863. 

B. Gratz Brown 1863-1867. 

Charles D. Drake [' 1S67-1870. 

Francis P. Blair, Jr. 1871-1873. 

CarlSchurz 1S69-1S75. 

Lewis V. Bogy 1S73-1S79. 

Francis M. Cockrell lS 75 

George G. Vest ^79 

MONTANA. 

William F. Sanders i s 9° 

Thomas C. Power l8 9° 

NEBRASKA. 

John M. Thayer 1867-1871. 

Thomas W. Tipton 1S67-1875. 

Phineai W. Hitchcock 1S71-1877. 

Algernons. Paddock 1875-1881. 

Alvin Saunders 1877-1883. 

Charles H. Van Wyck 1881-1S87. 

*Charles F. Manderson- l8 83 

Algernon S. Paddock T 8S7 

NEVADA. 

James W. Nye 1S65-1873. 

William M. Stewart 1865-1875. 

John P.Jones l8 73 

William Sharon 1875-1881. 

James G. Fair 1881-1887. 

William M. Steward 1887 

NEW HAMPSHIRE. 

*John Langdon 1789-1801. 

Paine Wingate 1789-1793- 

*Samuel Livermore [| 1793-1801. 

Simon Alcott 1S01-1805. 

James Sheafe || 1801-1802. 



54 UNITED STATES SENATORS. 

William Plumer 1802-1807 

Nicholas Gilman f 1805-1814. 

Nahum Parker || 1807-1810. 

Charles Cutts % 1810-1813. 

Jeremiah Mason || 1813-1817. 

Thomas W. Thompson 1S14-1819. 

Clement Storer 1817 1S19. 

David L. Morril 1819-1823. 

John F Parrott 1819-1825. 

Samuel Bell 1823-1835. 

L,evi Woodbury 1825-1831. 

Isaac Hill || 1831-1836. 

John Page 1836-1837. 

Henry Hubbard 1835-1841. 

Franklin Pierce || 1837-1842. 

Leonard Wilcox % 1842-1843. 

Levi Woodbury || 1841-1845. 

Charles G. Atherton 1843-1849. 

Benning W. Jenness % 1845-1846. 

Joseph Cilley 1846-1847. 

John P. Hale 1847-1853. 

Moses Norris, Jr. f 1849-1855. 

Charles G. Atherton f 1853-1S53. 

John S. Wells J 1855-1855. 

Jared W. Williams % 1853-1855. 

James Bell f 1855-1S57. 

John P. Hale 1855-1S65. 

*Daniel Clark || 1857-1866. 

George G. Fogg % 1866-1867. 

Aaron H. Cragin 1865-1877. 

James W. Patterson 1867-1873. 

Bainbridge Wadleigh 1873- 1S79. 

Edward H. Rollins 1877-1883. 

Charles H. Bell % 1879-1879. 

Henry W. Blair 1879-1891. 

Austin F. Pike f 1883-1886. 

Person C. Cheney \ 1886-1SS7. 

William E. Chandler 1887 

Jacob H. Gallinger 1891 

NEW JERSEY. 

Jonathan Elmer 1789-1791. 

William Patterson 1789- 1790. 

Philemon Dickinson I79 0_I 793* 



UNITED STATES SENATORS. 55 

John Rutherford || 1791-1798. 

Frederick Frelinghuysen 1793-1796. 

Richard Stockton i?9 6l 799- 

Franklin Davenport i 179S-1798. 

James Schureman || 1799-1S01. 

Aaron Ogden 1S01-1S03. 

Jonathan Dayton 1 799" 1S05. 

John Condit 1803-1809. 

Aaron Kitchel || 1S05-1S09. 

John Lambert 1809-1S15. 

John Condit J 1809-1S17. 

James J. Wilson || 1815-1821. 

Mahlon Dickerson || 1S17-1829. 

Samuel L. Southard || 1821-1823. 

Joseph Mcllvaine f 1823-1S26. 

Ephraim Bateman || (Elected by his own vote) 1826 1829. 

Mahlon Dickerson 1S29-1833. 

Theodore Frelinghuysen 1829 1 835. 

*Samuel L. Southard || 1833-1842. 

Garret D. Wall 1835-1841. 

William L. Dayton % 1S42-1S51. 

Jacob W. Miller 1841-1853. 

Robert F. Stockton || 1851-1853. 

John R. Thompson t 1853-1S62. 

William Wright 1S53-1859. 

John C. Ten Eyck 1859-1866. 

Richard S. Field % [862-1863. 

John W. Wall 1S63-1863. 

William Wright f 1S63-1866. 

John P. Stockton (Seat declared vacant) 1S66-1866. 

Alexander G. Cattell 1866-1871. 

Frederick T. Frelinghuysen : 1866-1S69. 

John P. Stockton 1869-1875. 

Frederick T. Frelinghuysen 1871.1877. 

Theodore F. Randolph 1875-1881. 

John Roderick McPherson 1877 

William J. Sewell 1881-1887. 

Rufus Blodgett 18S7 



NEW YORK. 



Rufus King i| 1789-1796. 

Philip Schuyler 1 789-1791. 

Aaron Burr 1 791-1797. 



56 UNITED STATES SENATORS. 

*John Lawrence || 1796-iSco. 

Philip Schuyler || 1797-1798. 

John Sloss Hobart || 1798-1798. 

William North J 1798 1799 

John Armstrong || 1801-1802. 

James Watson 1799 1800. 

Gouveneur Morris 1800- 1804. 

DeWitt Clinton || 1802-1803. 

John Armstrong J 1803-1803. 

Theodore Bailey || 1803-1804. 

John Armstrong || 1804-1804. 

Samuel h. Mitchell 1804- 1809. 

John Smith 1 804-1813. 

Obadiah German 1809- 1815. 

Rufus King 1813-1825. 

Nathan Sanford 1815-1821. 

Martin Van Buren || 1821 1828. 

Nathan Sanford || 1826 1831. 

Charles E. Dudley 1829-1833. 

William L,. Marcy J 1831-1832. 

Silas Wright, Jr. || 1833-1844. 

Nathaniel P. Tallmage || 1833-1844. 

Daniel S. Dickinson % 1844-1851. 

Henry A. Foster % 1844-1845. 

John A. Dix 1845-1849. 

William H. Seward 1849- 1861. 

Hamilton Fish 1851-1857. 

Preston King 1857-1863. 

Ira Harris 1 861-1867. 

Edward D. Morgan 1863-1869. 

Reuben E. Fenton 1869- 1875. 

Roscoe Conklin || 1867-1881. 

Francis Kernan 1875-1881. 

Thomas C. Piatt || 1881-1881. 

Warner Miller 1881-1887. 

Elbridge C. Lapham 1881-1885. 

William M. Evarts 1885-1891. 

Frank Hiscock 1887 

David B. Hill 1891 

NORTH CAROLINA. 

Benjamin Hawkins 1789- 1795. 

Samuel Johnston 1 789-1 793. 

Alexander Martin 1 793-1799. 



UNITED STATES SENATORS. 57 

Timothy Bloodworth 1795-1801. 

*Jesse Franklin i799" l8l 3- 

David Stone || 1801-1S07. 

James Turner || 1S05-1816. 

David Stone 1S13-1815. 

Francis Locke || 1815-1815. 

*Nathaniel Macon || 1S15-182S. 

Monfort Stokes 1S16-1823. 

John Branch || 1823-1S29. 

James Irdell 182S-1S31. 

Bedford Brown 1S29-1S40. 

William P. Mangum || 1831-1836. 

Robert Strange || 1S36-1S40. 

William A. Graham 1840-1843. 

'William P. Mangum 1S40-1854. 

William H. Haywood || 1843-1846. 

George E. Badger 1846-1855. 

David S. Reid 1S54-1859. 

Asa Biggs || 1855-1858. 

Thomas L. Clingman lS 58 

Thomas Bragg lS 59 

37th, 38th, and 39th Congresses vacant. 

Joseph C. Abbott 1868-1872. 

John Pool 1868-1873. 

Augustus S. Merrimon lS 73" iy 79- 

Matt W. Ransom lS 72 

Zebulon B. Vance l8 79 

NORTH DAKOTA. 

Gilbert A. Pierce 1889-1891. 

Lyman R. Casey l88 9 

Henry C. Hansbrough I 8 9 J 

OHIO. 

John Smith || 1803-180S. 

Thomas Worthington 1803-180S. 

Return Jonathan Meigs || 1 809-1810. 

Edward Tiffin || 1S08-1S09. 

Stanley Griswold J 1809-1810. 

Alexander Campbell 1810-1813. 

Thomas Worthington || 1811-1814. 

Joseph Kerr 1814-1815. 



58 UNITED STATES SENATORS. 

Jeremiah Morrow 1813-1819. 

Benjamin Ruggles 1815-1S33. 

William A. Trimble f 1819-1821. 

Ethan Allen Brown 1822-1825. 

William Henry Harrison || 1825-1828. 

Jacob Burnet 1828-1831. 

Thomas Ewing 1831-1837. 

Thomas Morris 1833-1839 

William Allen 1S37-1849. 

Benjamin Tappen 1839-1845. 

Thomas Corwin || 1845-1850. 

Thomas Ewing J 1850-1851. 

Salmon P. Chase 1849-1855. 

*Benjarnin F. Wade t 1851-1869. 

George E. Pugh 1855-1861. 

Salmon P. Chase || 1861-1861. 

John Sherman || 1861-1877. 

Stanley Matthews 1877-1879. 

*Allen G. Thurman 1869-18S1. 

George H. Pendleton 1879 1885. 

*John Sherman 1881 

Henry B. Payne 1885-1891. 

Calvin S. Brice 1891 

OREGON. 

Delazon Smith 1859-1860. 

Joseph Lane 1859-1861. 

Edward D. Baker f 1860-1861. 

Benjamin Stark J 1862-1862. 

Benjamin F. Harding 1862-1865. 

James W. Nesmith 1861-1867. 

George H. Williams 1865-1871. 

Henry W. Corbett 1867-1873. 

James K. Kelly 1871-1877. 

JohnH. Mitchell 1873-1879. 

Lafayette Grover 1877-1S83. 

James H. Slater 1879-1885. 

Joseph N. Dolph ^83 

John H. Mitchell ^85 

PENNSYLVANIA. 

William Maclay 1789-1791. 

Robert Morris 17S9-1795. 



UNITED STATES SENATORS. 59 

Albert Gallatin (Election declared void) I79 1 

*JamesRoss 1794-1S03. 

*William Bingham 1795-1801. 

Peter Mullenberg || 1S01-1801. 

George Logan 1801-1807. 

Samuel Maclay || 1803-1808. 

Michael Leib || 1S09-1S14. 

*Andrew Gregg 1S07-1S1 5. 

Jonathan Roberts 1S14-1821. 

Abner Lacock 1S13-1S19. 

Walter Lowrie 1819-1S25. 

William Findley 1821-1S27. 

William Marks 1S25-1S31. 

Isaac D. Barnard || 1827-1S31. 

George M. Dallas 18311833. 

William Wilkins || 1S31-1S34. 

James Buchanan || 1834-1S45. 

Samuel McKean 1S33-1839. 

Daniel Sturgeon 1839- 1S51. 

Simon Cameron 1 845-1 S49. 

James Cooper 1849-1S55. 

Richard Brodhead 185 1- 1857. 

William Bigler 1855-1861. 

Simon Cameron j 1S57-1861. 

David Wilmot 1861-1863. 

Edward Cowan 1 86 1 - 1 867. 

Charles R. Buckalew 1863-1869. 

Simon Cameron || 1S67-1877. 

John Scott 1S69-1875. 

William A. Wallace 1875-1881. 

James Donald Cameron 1 877 

John I. Mitchell 1881-1887. 

Matthew S. Quay 1887 



RHODE ISLAND. 



Theodore Foster 1789-1803 

Joseph Stanton, Jr i79°- I 793 

*William Bradford || I793-J797 

Ray Greene || 1797-1801 

Christopher Ellery 1S01-1805 

Samuel J. Potter 1803-1804 

Benjamin Rowland 1804-1809 

James Fenner || 1805-1807 



60 UNITED STATES SENATORS. 

Elisha Matthewson 1807-1811. 

Francis Malbone f 1809 1809. 

Christopher G. Champlin || 1810-1811. 

Jeremiah B. Howell 1811-1817. 

William Hunter 1811-1S21. 

James Burrill, Jr. f 1817-1820. 

Nehemiah R. Knight 1820-1839. 

James DeWolf || 1821-1825. 

Asher P. Robins 1825 1841. 

Nathan F. Dixon f 1839-1S42. 

William Sprague || 1842-1844. 

James F. Simmons 1841-1847. 

John Brown Francis 1S44-1845. 

Albert C. Greene 1845-1851. 

John H. Clark 1847-1853. 

Charles T. James 1851-1857. 

Philip Allen 1853-1859. 

James F. Simmons || 1857-1862. 

*Henry B. Anthony f 18591884. 

Samuel G. Arnold 1862- 1863. 

William Sprague 1 863-1875. 

Ambrose E. Burnside 1875- 1881. 

Nelson W. Aldrich 1881 

William P. Sheffield t 1884-1885. 

Jonathan Chace || 1885-1889. 

Nathan F. Dixon 1889 



SOUTH CAROLINA. 



Pierce Butler || 1789-1796. 

*Ralph Izard 1 789-1 795. 

John Hunter || 1797-1798. 

*Jacob Read 1 795-1801. 

Charles Pinckney || 1798-1801. 

Thomas Sumter || 1801-1810. 

John Ewing Calhoun f 1801-1802. 

Pierce Butler || 1803-1804. 

*John Gaillard, V. P. | 1805-1826. 

John Taylor || 1810-1816. 

Willam Smith 1817 1823. 

Robert Y. Hayne || 1823-1832. 

William Harper $ 1826-1826. 

William Smith 1826-1831. 



UNITED STATES SENATORS. 6 I 

John C. Calhoun || 1833-1S43. 

Stephen D. Miller 1831-1S33. 

William C. Preston || 1833-1S42. 

George McDuffie || 1843-1846. 

Daniel E. Huger || 1843-1S45. 

Andrew P. Butler 1846-1S59. 

John C. Calhoun t 1845-1850. 

Frank H. Elmore J t 1850-1850. 

Robert W. Barnwell } 1850-1851. 

R. Barnwell Rhett || 1S51-1S52. 

William F. DeSaussure \ 1852-1S53. 

JosiahJ. Evans t 1853-1858. 

Arthur P. Hayne % 1858-1S59. 

James Chestnut, Jr * 8 59 

James H. Hammond 1 8 59 

37th, 38th, and 39th Congresses vacant. 

Thomas J. Robertson l868 l8 77- 

Frederick A. Sawyer 186S-1S73. 

John J. Patterson 1873-1S79. 

Matthew C. Butler l8 77 

Wade Hampton 1879-1891. 

John M. L. Irby l8 9 r 



SOUTH DAKOTA. 



Gideon C. Moody 1889-1891. 

Richard F. Pettigrew * 88 9 

James II. Kyle l8 9t 



TENNESSEE. 



William Blount g 1796-1797- 

William Cocke 1796-1805. 

Andrew Jackson || I797-I79 8 - 

Daniel Smith J i79 8 -!799- 

*Joseph Anderson T 799 l8l 5- 

Daniel Smith || 1805-1809 

Jenkin Whiteside || i8o9-i8r 1. 

George W. Campbell || 1811-1814. 

Jesse Wharton J 1814-1815. 

John Williams 1815-1823. 

George W. Campbell || 1815-1818. 

John Henry Eaton J 1818-1829. 



62 UNITED STATES SENATORS. 

Andrew Jackson 1823-1S25. 

*Hugh Lawson White || 1825-1840. 

Felix Grundy || 1829-183S. 

Ephraim H. Foster || ! 1838-1840. 

Felix Grundy f JS39-1840. 

A. O. P. Nicholson j 1841-1843. 

Alexander Anderson 1 840-1841. 

Spencer Jarnagin 1 841-1847. 

Ephraim H. Foster 1843-1845. 

Hopkins L- Turney 1845-1851. 

John Bell..., 1847-1859. 

James C. Jones 1851-1857. 

Andrew Johnson 1857- 1863. 

Alfred O. P. Nicholson 1859-1861. 

38th Congress vacant. 

Joseph S. Fowler 1866-1871. 

David T. Patterson 1866-1869. 

William G. Brownlow 1869-1875. 

Henry Cooper 1871-1877. 

Andrew Johnson t 1875-1875. 

David M. Key $ 1875-1877. 

James E. Bailey 1877-1881. 

Isham G. Harris 1877 

Howell Edmunds Jackson || 1881-1886. 

Washington C. Whitthorne J 1886-1887. 

William B. Bate 1S87 



TEXAS. 



Samuel Houston , 1S46-1859. 

*ThomasJ. Rusk f 1846-1857. 

J. Pinckney Henderson f 1858-1858. 

Matthias Ward J 1858-1860. 

Louis T. Wigfall 1860-1861, retired. 

John Hemphill 1859 1861, retired. 

37th, 38th, 39th, and 40th Congresses vacant. 

J. W. Flanagan 1870-1875. 

Morgan C. Hamilton 1870-1877. 

Samuel Bell Maxey 1875-1887. 

Richard Coke 1877 

John H. Reagan || 1887-1891. 

Horace Chilton % 1891 



UNITED STATES SENATORS. 

VERMONT. 



Stephen R. Bradley Wl-Wl- 

Moses Robinson || T 79 I_I 79 6 - 

Isaac Tichenor || 179^ U97- 

Nathaniel Chipman i797- l8o 3- 

Elijah Paine || 1797-1801. 

*Stephen R. Bradley 1S01-1S13. 

Israel Smith || 18031807. 

Jonathan Robinson 1807-1815. 

Dudley Chace || 1S13-1S17. 

Isaac Tichenor 1815-1821. 

James Fisk || 1817-181S. 

William A. Palmer 1S1S-1S25. 

Horatio Seymour 1821-1833. 

Dudley Chase 1S25-1831. 

Samuel Prentiss || 1S31-1842. 

Benjamin Swift 1 833-1839. 

Samuel S. Phelps 1S39-1851. 

Samuel C. Crafts % 1S42-1S43. 

William Upham t i«43- lS S3- 

SamuelS. Phelps J [853-1854. 

*Solomon Foot t [851-1866. 

Lawrence Brainard 1S54-1855. 

Jacob Collamer f 1855-1865. 

*George F. Edmunds || 1S66-1891. 

Luke P. Poland \ 1865-1867. 

Justin S. Morrill 1867 

Redfield Proctor 1891 



VIRGINIA. 



William Grayson f 1789-179° 

John L. Walker J 1790-1790 

James Monroe i790- J 795 

*Richard Henry Lee || [789-1792 

John Taylor || i792- r 794 

*Henry Tazewell f I794 I 799 

Stevens Thomson Mason f i795- l8 o3 

Wilson Cary Nicholas || 1800-1804 

Abraham B. Venable j| 1803-1804 

William B. Giles % || 1804-1815 

John Taylor % 1803-1803 

Andrew Moore X 1804-1809 



64 UNITED STATES SENATORS. 

Richard Brent f 1S09-1814. 

*James Barbour || 1815-1825. 

Armistead T. Mason 1816-1817. 

W. W. Bppes || 1817-1819. 

James Pleasants || 1819-1822. 

John Taylor 1822-1825. 

John Randolph j 825-1827. 

*Littleton W. Tazewell || 1825-1832. 

*John Tyler || 1827-1836. 

William C. Rives || 1833-1834. 

Benjamin W. Leigh || 1834-1836. 

Richard E. Parker || 1836-1837. 

William C Rives 1836-1845. 

William H. Roane 1837-1841. 

William S. Archer 1841-1847 

Isaac S. Pennybacker | 1845-1847. 

*James M. Mason 1847-1861. 

Robert M. T. Hunter 1847-1861. 

John S. Carlile 1861-1861. 

Whiteman T. Willey 1861-1863. 

Lemuel J. Bowden f 1863-1864. 

39th and 40th Congresses vacant. 

John F. Lewis 1870-1875. 

John W. Johnston 1870-1883. 

Robert E. Withers 1875-1881. 

William Mahone 1881-1887. 

Harrison H. Riddleberger 1883-1889. 

John W. Daniel 1887 

John S. Barbour 1889 



WASHINGTON. 



John B. Allen 1889 

Watson C. Squire 1889 



WEST VIRGINIA. 



Waitman T. Willey 1863-1871. 

Peter G. Van Winkle 1863-1869. 

Arthur I. Boreman 1869- 1871. 

Allen T. Caperton f 1875 1876: 

Samuel Price J 1876-1877. 



UNITED STATES SENATORS. 65 

Henry G. Davis 1871-1883. 

Frank Hereford 1877-1881. 

Johnson N. Camden 18S1-1887. 

John E. Kenna 1883 

Charles J. Faulkner 1887 

WISCONSIN. 

Henry Dodge 184S-1857. 

Isaac P.Walker 1848-1855. 

Charles Durkee 1S55-1861. 

James R. Doolittle 1857-1S69. 

Timothy O. Howe 1861-1879. 

♦Matthew H. Carpenter 1869-1875. 

Angus Cameron 1875-188 1. 

Matthew H. Carpenter! 1879-1881. 

Philetus Sawyer 1881 

Angus Cameron 1S81-1885. 

John C. Spooner 1885-1891. 

William F. Vilas 1891 

WYOMING. 

Joseph M. Carey 1890 

Francis E. Warren 1 890 



Note. — Senators who served any portion of their time as president pro tern are 
marked with the asterisk. Those who were appointed to fill vacancies were some- 
times subsequently elected. In 1861 several senators were expelled, and quite a 
number retired. 



ELECTORAL VOTE UNDER THE APPORTION- 
MENT LAW OF 1890. 



Alabama n 

Arkansas 8 

California 9 

Colorado 4 

Connecticut 6 

Delaware 3 

Florida 4 

Georgia 13 

Idaho ... 3 

Illinois 24 

Indiana 15 

Iowa 13 

Kansas 10 

Kentucky 13 

Louisiana 8 

Maine 6 

Maryland 8 

Massachusetts 15 

Michigan 14 



Nebraska § 

Nevada , 

New Hampshire 4 

New Jersey IO 

New York ,5 

North Carolina TI 

North Dakota 

Ohio 

Oregon 



3 
23 

4 



Minnesota. 



Mississippi 9 

Missouri 17 



Montana. 



Pennsylvania 32 

Rhode Island 4 

South Carolina 9 

South Dakota 4 

Tennessee 12 

Texas 15 

Vermont 4 

Virginia 12 

Washington 4 

West Virginia 6 

Wisconsin 12 

Wyoming 3 

Total 444 



Necessary to a choice 223. 
66 




LEVI P. MORTON. 



LEVI PARSONS A\ORTON. 



VICE-PRESIDENT. 



Levi P. Morton was born in Shoreham, Vermont, 
May 1 6, 1824, his father being the Rev. Daniel Mor- 
ton. His first ancestor in the United States was 
George Morton, one of the Puritan fathers, who landed 
at Plymouth, New England, in 1623. At the age of 
sixteen, developing a preference for business pursuits, 
he entered a store as clerk, and was made a partner 
by his employer in Hanover before he was twenty-one 
years old. In 1849 he went to Boston, and though 
possessing but little capital, soon became a member 
of the flourishing mercantile concern of Beebe, Mor- 
gan & Co. He left Boston for New York in 1854, 
and there established the firm of Morton & Grinnell. 
Nine years later, in 1863, the banking house of Morton, 
Bliss & Co. was founded, with a branch in London, 
under the name of Morton, Rose & Co. These firms 
became widely known through their connection with 
the payments of the Geneva and Halifax awards, and 
other business relations with the government. Mr. 
Morton was elected to congress in 1878, by over 
seven thousand majority as a republican, and there 
represented the eleventh district of New York. He 

69 



JO UNITED STATES SENATORS. 

was re-elected in 1880. Declining the nomination for 
vice-president on the republican ticket that same year, 
President Garfield gave him the choice of being sec- 
retary of the navy or envoy extraordinary and minister 
plenipotentiary of the United States to the republic 
of France. Mr. Morton chose the latter, and re- 
signed as a member of congress to accept the mission 
to France. He was unanimously confirmed by the 
senate in March, 1881, and from that time to Presi- 
dent Cleveland's accession served with credit abroad. 
He succeeded in gaining many advantages for his 
countrymen in France, such as the removal of the re- 
striction upon the importation of American pork, and 
establishing the legal status of American corpora- 
tions. He was American commissioner general to the 
Paris electrical exposition, and the United States rep- 
resentative at the sub-marine cable convention. Mr. 
Morton was a candidate for United States senator in 
1887, but was defeated by Mr. Hiscock. Dartmouth 
and Middlebury colleges have both conferred the de- 
gree of LL.D. upon him. " Ellerslie," the fine estate 
of William Kelley at Rhineback, on the Hudson, was 
bought by Mr. Morton in 1887 as a country seat. Mr. 
Morton is married and has several children. He was 
nominated for the vice-presidency of the United 
States with Benjamin Harrison by the national repub- 
lican convention in Chicago in 1888, and was elected 
at the November election following. He assumed the 
duties of the office March 4, 1889, and has been a 
successful and popular presiding officer of the senate. 




JOHN T. MORCAN. 



JOHN TYLER MORGAN. 



UNITED STATES SENATOR FROM ALABAMA. 



John T. Morgan was born in Athens, McMinn 
county, Tennessee, June 20, 1S24. In this small 
town in the southern part of that state he resided 
until he was nine years old, when his parents removed 
to Calhoun county, Alabama, and settled not far from 
the village of Jacksonville. In early life young Mor- 
gan received such education as he could secure from 
the primitive schools, and later was fortunate in 
obtaining a good academic education. He studied 
law in Talladega, in an adjoining county, and was 
licensed to practice in 1845. He then settled at Selma, 
a good town in the southern central portion of the 
state, where he soon built up a desirable practice, and 
where he has since resided. For the first fifteen years 
after his admission to the bar, he gave his almost ex- 
clusive attention to law business, and in that time 
gained a reputation throughout the state as an able 
and eloquent advocate, and a safe and reliable 
counselor. 

In 1 860 he was elected presidential elector and cast 
his vote for Breckinridge and Lane, and in the canvass 
of that year added to his reputation as a most eloquent 
speaker. In 1 86 1 he was a delegate from Dallas 
county, in which Selma is located, to the state conven- 
tion that passed the ordinance of secession ; and in 
May of that year enlisted in the confederate army as 
a private in Company I, Cahaba rifles, serving in Yir- 

73 



74 UNITED STATES SENATORS. 

ginia. When the company was assigned to the Fifth 
Alabama regiment under Colonel Robert E. Rodes, 
Mr. Morgan was appointed major, and not long after 
lieutenant colonel of the regiment. He was afterward 
commissioned as colonel, and returning to Alabama, 
raised the Fifty-first regiment, which he liberally aided 
in equipping. He went to the front in Tennessee, but 
at the request of the Alabama delegation in the con- 
federate congress, he was assigned to the head of the 
conscript bureau in that state. In 1863 he was ap- 
pointed brigadier-general by General Robert E. Lee, 
but declined the promotion, in order to lead his old 
regiment, whose colonel had fallen in battle. In No- 
vember of the same year he was again commissioned 
brigadier-general, and commanded a division in the 
winter of 1863 and 1864, operating with General 
James Longstreet in eastern Tennessee, and with Gen- 
eral Joseph E. Johnston and General John B. Hood. 

At the close of the war he resumed the practice of 
his profession at Selma. In 1876 he was a presiden- 
tial elector on the Tilden and Hendricks ticket, and 
the same year was also elected to the United States 
senate as a democrat, being re-elected in 1883, and 
again in 1889, for the term ending March 3, 1895. 

In congress Senator Morgan has ably served on 
many of the most important committees, notably for- 
eign relations, Indian affairs, and public lands. 

Mr. Morgan is married, and his wife and daughters 
reside with him in Washington during- the sessions of 
the senate. 




JAMES L. PUGH. 



JAMES LAWRENCE PUGH. 



UNITED STATES SENATOR FROM ALABAMA. 



James L. Pugh has been a man of note and promi- 
nence in Alabama for almost half a century, and for 
forty years of that time he has been almost continu- 
ously in public life. He was born in Burke county, 
Georgia, December 12, 1820, but was taken to Ala- 
bama when only four years old, and has resided in 
the latter state ever since. He attended schools 
in both Alabama and Georgia and received an 
academic education, after which he studied law and 
was admitted to practice in 1841. He opened an 
office at Eufaula, in the southeastern portion of the 
state, where he has since resided, and where he srrew 
into prominence as a lawyer. 

In 1848 he was one of the Alabama electors in 
favor of General Zachary Taylor, and he filled the 
same position when James Buchanan was chosen pres- 
ident in 1856. He was elected to represent his dis- 
trict in the lower house of congress in 1859, in which 
body he served until January 21, 1861, when his state 
adopted the ordinance of secession. Returning home 
he enlisted as a private in the Eufaula rifles, one of 
the companies of the First Alabama regiment. He 
was not long to remain in the ranks, however, and 
was soon called away from military duty by his elec- 

77 



78 UNITED STATES SENATORS. 

tion to the first congress of the southern confederacy. 
He was re-elected to the second congress in 1863, and 
served until 1865. 

When the war was ended Mr. Pugh resumed the 
practice of law at Eufaula, and soon had a large and 
lucrative practice. In 1874 he presided over the 
Alabama state democratic convention, and the follow- 
ing year he was a member of the state constitutional 
convention, and was one of the strongest members of 
that body. In 1876 he was an elector for the state at 
large on the Tilden and Hendricks ticket, and had the 
satisfaction of casting his vote for those gentlemen in 
the electoral college. In 1880 Senator George S. 
Houston died, and the legislature of Alabama at once 
elected Mr. Pugh to fill the unexpired term, which 
had four years to run. In 1884 he was re-elected for 
the full term which ended March 3, 1891. In Decem- 
ber, 1890, on his seventieth birthday, he was again re- 
elected, for the term expiring March 3, 1897. 

During his congressional career, Senator Pugh has 
faithfully served on many important committees, 
among them the committees on education and labor, 
judiciary, privileges and elections, revolutionary 
claims, and on the select committee on relations with 
Canada. Being placed on these committees is evi- 
dence of the estimation in which he is held by his col- 
leagues, and his many returns to congress is proof of 
his popularity in his state. He is a man of vigorous 
and rugged health, and it is not impossible that he 
may be again re-elected. 







JAMES H. BERRY. 



JAMES H. BERRY. 



UNITED STATES SENATOR FROM ARKANSAS. 



The ancestors of James H. Berry removed in an 
early day from Virginia to Tennessee, where the 
father of this sketch, James M. Berry, was born. He 
afterward removed to Bellefonte, Jackson county, Ala- 
bama, where James H. Berry was born May 15, 1841. 
The father with his family again removed, settling in 
Carrollton, Carroll county, Arkansas, in 1848, when 
young James was but seven years of age. There the 
subject of this sketch grew up, attending school for a 
short time at Berryville, Arkansas, and gaining such 
information as he could from private instruction and 
personal application. At the time the war broke out 
young Berry was clerking in a store, and, at the age 
of twenty, he volunteered in Company E, Sixteenth 
Arkansas infantry, confederate regiment, and on the 
organization of the company was elected second lieu- 
tenant. 1 le took part in the battles of Pea Ridge, 
Arkansas ; Farmington, and Iuka, Mississippi, and on 
the 4th of October, 1862, was wounded at Corinth, 
losing his right leg above the knee. He then went 
to Texas and remained in that state until the close of 
the war, after which he returned to Arkansas, stopping 
for a short time at Ozark, Franklin county, where he 
taught school, reading law at the same time from such 
books as he could borrow. 

On the 3d of October, 1865, Mr. Berry was mar- 

8t 



82 UNITED STATES SENATORS. 

ried to Miss Lizzie Ouaile of Ozark, a daughter of 
James F. Ouaile, a merchant of that place. 

He immediately went back with his wife to 
his old home at Carrollton, Arkansas, and in Aug- 
ust, 1866, was elected to the state legislature. In 
November of the same year he received his license to 
practice law. In 1869 he removed to Bentonville, 
Arkansas, his present home, where he continued to 
practice law with reasonable success. In 1872 he 
was again elected to the legislature, and in 1874 was 
elected speaker of the house, and was the same year 
elected judge of the circuit court for the term of four 
years. In 1876 he served as chairman of the demo- 
cratic state convention. At the close of his judicial 
term he practiced law until in 1882, when he was 
nominated by acclamation for governor of the state 
by the democratic convention, and was elected by 
thirty-eight thousand plurality. He served with dis- 
tinction for two years, and in 1885, when Senator 
Garland was appointed attorney general by President 
Cleveland, Mr. Berry was elected United States sena- 
tor to fill out the four years of his unexpired term. In 
1889 he was re-elected for the term of six years, 
which term ends March 3, 1895. 

In congress Mr. Berry has served on the committees 
on census, civil service and retrenchment, epidemic 
diseases, public lands, coast defenses, and railroads. 

He feels, beginning life, as he did, poor and un- 
known, that the people of Arkansas have always been 
true friends to him and have treated him most kindly. 








JAMES K. JONES 



JAMES K. JONES. 



UNITED STATES SENATOR FROM ARKANSAS. 



James K. Jones was born in Marshall county, Mis- 
sissippi, September 29, 1839, his parents being resi- 
dents of West Tennessee at that time. Both branches 
of his family came to this country and settled in Vir- 
ginia at an early date, his father's ancestors going to 
North Carolina while that state was a wilderness. 
Thence, in 1827, his family removed to Tennessee, 
thence in 1848 to Arkansas, settling in Dallas county. 
Young Jones received a classical education. His 
father having a small family and good property, he 
spent the period of his childhood at a country home, 
on a plantation within call of what were known as " the 
quarters," the home of the negroes. The civil war 
came with his manhood. He cast his first vote for 
John Bell and the union, but in 1861 he enlisted in the 
confederate army, and as long as a delicate frame and 
ill health would permit, remained at the front as a 
private soldier. After peace was established he gave 
his attention to settling his father's business, and in 
1867 moved upon the plantation and engaged in 
farming, all the professions being then closed by pre- 
scriptive legislation against those who had served in 
the confederate army. In 1873 he began practicing 

85 



86 UNITED STATES SENATORS. 

law in Dalton county. He was that year elected to 
the state senate on the first successful democratic ticket 
in the county since reconstruction began. He also 
served in the extra session of the legislature of that 
year, which came as the result of the Brooks-Baxter 
imbroglio, and voted for the "Crush convention" as 
it was called. His course in that body, while demo- 
cratic, was yet conservative. He was re-elected to the 
senate in 1874 and 1875, and in 1877 was elected 
president of that body, and served in that capacity 
during that session. In 1878 he was a candidate for 
the democratic nomination for congress from his dis- 
trict, but was defeated, and then supported heartily 
and effectively the nominee in the contest at the elec- 
tion. In 1880, however, Mr. Jones was nominated 
and elected to the Forty-seventh congress as a dem- 
ocrat, and was re-elected to the Forty-eighth and 
Forty-ninth congresses. When the term of Senator 
James D. Walker expired in 1885, Mr. Jones was 
chosen as his successor. He was re-elected without 
any special opposition in 1890, for the term ending 
March 3, 1897. 

In congress Senator Jones has been a faithful and 
hard-working- member of the committees on agricul- 
ture and foresty, claims, Indian affairs, patents, terri- 
tories, inter-state commerce, and on the select com- 
mittee on irrigation and reclamation of arid lands. 

Mr. Jones is married, has a family of five children, 
and resides at Washington, Hemstead county, Ar- 
kansas. 




LELAND STANFORD. 



LELAND STANFORD. 



UNITED STATES SENATOR FROM CALIFORNIA. 



Leland Stanford was born in Watervliet, Albany 
county, New York, March 9, 1824, and is consequently 
sixty-eight years of age. His ancestors settled in the 
valley of the Mohawk, New York, in about the year 
1720. Leland Stanford, the subject of this sketch, 
was brought up on a farm, and was thoroughly famil- 
iarized with all the details of an agricultural occupa- 
tion. He attended the district schools during winters, 
had some other instruction, and by the time he was 
twenty years of age had acquired what was equiva- 
lent to an academic education. At the age of twenty- 
two he entered the law office of Wheaton, Doolittle 
& Hadley at Albany, and after three years study 
was admitted to practice law in the supreme court of 
the state of New York. Immediately after he was 
admitted to the bar, at the age of twenty-five, he 

89 



90 UNITED STATES SENATORS. 

removed to Port Washington, Ozaukee county, in the 
southeastern part of the state of Wisconsin. It was 
a small village about thirty miles north of Milwaukee 
on the shore of Lake Michigan, and here he was 
engaged in the practice of his profession for four years 
with only moderate success. In the spring of 1852 a 
fire destroyed his law library and other property, and 
he considered it a good time to make a change, and 
removed to California and began mining for gold at 
Michigan Bluffs, Placer county. Subsequently he 
became associated in business with his brothers, three 
of whom had preceded him to the Pacific coast. In 
1856 he removed to Sacramento and engaged in 
mercantile pursuits on a large scale, laying the foun- 
dation of a large fortune that has recently been esti- 
mated at more than fifty millions of dollars. Money 
was plentiful in those days on the western slope, when 
people were flocking in from all parts of the world, 
and by the mining population it was spent with a 
lavish hand ; and the merchant who could obtain what 
the people desired was not stinted in the matter of 
profits. 

In i860 Mr. Stanford made his entrance into public 
life as a delegate to the national republican conven- 
tion in Chicago that nominated Abraham Lincoln for 
the presidency. He was an earnest advocate of a 
Pacific railroad and did much to interest capital in the 
enterprise, and was elected president of the Central 
Pacific company when it was organized in 1861. The 
same year he was nominated by the republicans and 



UNITED STATES SENATORS. 9 I 

elected governor of the state of California, and 
served with credit to himself and to the satisfaction 
of the people, from December, 1861, to December, 
1863. 

As president of the Central Pacific Railroad com- 
pany he superintended its construction over the moun- 
tains, building- five hundred and thirty miles in two 
hundred and ninety-three days — one of the great 
achievements of modern times — and on May 10, 1869, 
drove the last spike at Promontory Point, Utah terri- 
tory. , He also became interested in various other 
railroads on the Pacific slope, and in the development 
of the agricultural and manufacturing industries of 
California. 

In 1884 he was elected to the United States senate 
as a republican to succeed J. T. Farley, democrat, and 
took his seat March 4, 1885, for the full term of six 
years. At the expiration of his term in 1891 he was 
re-elected for the term to end March 3, 1897. In 
congress Senator Stanford has served as chairman on 
the standing committee on public buildings and 
grounds, and has served as a member of the com- 
mittees on civil service and retrenchment, education 
and labor, fisheries, naval affairs, revision of the laws 
of the United States, and on the special committee 
on the quadro-centennial. 

Senator Stanford has attracted considerable atten- 
tion and created more or less discussion by his advo- 
cacy of the loaning of money to the people by the 
government at two per cent. 



92 UNITED STATES SENATORS. 

In memory of his only son Mr. Stanford has given 
to the state of California twenty million dollars to be 
used in founding at Palo Alto a university whose cur- 
riculum shall not only include the usual collegiate 
studies, but comprise instruction in telegraphy, type- 
setting, type-writing, journalism, book-keeping, farm- 
ing, civil engineering, and other branches of practical 
education. The corner stone of this great institution 
was laid May 14, 1887, and the college is now open 
for the admission of students, and many are attend- 
ing from all parts of the country, and it bids fair to be 
one of the most popular institutions of learning in the 
union. The catalogue of the university already contains 
the names of four hundred and forty students, ninety 
of whom are women. The climate of that locality is 
particularly favorable, and this added to other desir- 
able features, makes it an especially promising seat of 
learning. Included in the trust fund for the mainte- 
nance of the university is Mr. Stanford's estate at 
Vina, Tehama county, California, which is said to be 
the largest vineyard in the world. It comprises thirty 
thousand acres, three thousand five hundred acres of 
which are planted with bearing vines, and is divided 
into five-hundred acre tracts. 

Senator Stanford is married and has a magnificent 
residence in Menlo Park, San Francisco, and is a neigh- 
bor of Senator Felton, his colleague in the senate. 
He and Mrs. Stanford also keep up a magnificent 
establishment in Washington during the sessions of 
congress. 



^ 





CHARLES N FELTON. 



CHARLES N. FELTON. 



UNITED STATES SENATOR FROM CALIFORNIA. 



Charles N. Felton was born in Erie county, New 
York, in 1832, and in 1849, when but seventeen years 
of age, emigrated to California. He went at once 
into the gold-mining district, and migrated from camp 
to camp in the restless fashion peculiar to the miners 
of the great west, and with variable success. In 1853 
he found himself in Yuba county, and although but 
barely of age, became a candidate for sheriff of the 
county, a position that required pluck to fill in those 
days. The contest was a fierce one, but young Felton 
was elected, and filled the office with commendable 
courage. Subsequntly he was elected to the impor- 
tant and more lucrative office of tax collector of the 
county. After a time he removed to San Francisco, 
became a stock operator, and secured an interest in 
the Spring Valley Water company, which supplies 
water to the city of San Francisco. Fortunate land 
speculations in Alameda county, of which Oakland is 
the county seat, increased his wealth. During the 
time he had been in California he studied law, tried 
one case, and then dropped the law to go into more 
active business and speculation, and was highly suc- 
cessful in his new field of labor and enterprise, amass- 
6 95 



96 UNITED STATES SENATORS. 

ing a fortune in a comparatively short time, which 
fortune has naturally increased with the passing years. 
He owns mining stocks, railroad stocks, and bonds, 
and is the possessor of much valuable real estate. 

He has never been a working candidate for office, 
and his political honors have come to him as a rule 
unsought. After having retired from active business 
he was appointed assistant treasurer and afterwards 
treasurer of the mint of San Francisco, and served 
in those positions six years. He was elected to the 
legislature of California, and served two terms. In 
1884 he was elected as a representative in congress, 
and was re-elected in 1886. In March, 1 891, he was 
elected to the United States senate as a republican 
to fill the vacancy caused by the death of George 
Hearst, whose term would have expired March 3, 
1893. 

His long experience in finance and general business 
affairs very naturally placed him upon some of the 
best committees in the house, where he did good 
service to the business interests of the country. He 
is recognized as a man of much ability. In the senate 
he was placed on the committees on mines and min- 
ing, agriculture and forestry and coast defenses. 

In person Senator Felton is about five feet, six 
inches in height, weighs about one hundred and thirty 
pounds, and is always carefully dressed. He is noted 
for his good fellowship and sterling business qualities. 

He resides in Menlo Park, San Francisco, where he 
is a neighbor of his colleague, Senator Stanford. 






HENRY M. TELLER. 



HENRY M. TELLER. 



UNITED STATES SENATOR FROM COLORADO. 



Henry M. Teller is of Dutch descent, and was born 
in Granger, Alleghany county, New York, May 23, 
1830. His father, John Teller, was born in Schenec- 
tady, New York, February 7, 1800; and his mother 
was a native of Vermont, and was born in 1808. 
Henry received a good academic education. While 
he was attending the academy, he, at intervals taught 
school to aid him in the further prosecution of his 
studies. Having completed the academic course, he 
read law in the office and under the instruction of 
Judge Martin Grover, and was admitted to the bar 
January 5, 1858, at Binghamton, New York. He then 
removed to Morrison, Whiteside county, Illinois, where 
he began the practice of law which he continued at that 
place until April, 1861, when he emigrated and settled 
in Colorado. Here he found a wider field for the 
exercise of his talents, and both in the practice of law, 
and in other enterprises he has been remarkably suc- 
cessful. The Colorado Central railway is one of the 

99 



IOO UNITED STATES SENATORS. 

most important enterprises ever projected in the 
state, and the honor of originating it and pressing the 
enterprise to a successful termination is due to Mr. 
Teller. Its charter was drawn by him and presented 
to the territorial legislature in 1865. For five years 
he was president of the company. Into its construc- 
tion he infused the energy of his own progressive 
spirit, and its subsequent management has been 
watched by him with the utmost solicitude. Asa bus- 
iness man and financier Mr. Teller has proved his 
excellence. His judgment is clear, and upon a pre- 
sentation of facts, is quickly formed. He rarely errs 
when thoroughly acquainted with the subject in hand, 
whether as a lawyer or an operator. During the 
Indian troubles in 1863, he was appointed brigadier- 
general of militia, in which capacity he served two 
years and then resigned. He is a prominent Mason 
and Knight Templar, having served as grand master 
of the state seven years, and was grand commander 
of the Knights Templar of Colorado. In politics he 
was originally a democrat, but joined the republicans 
in 1855, when the party was in its infancy. 

Although he has long been actively engaged in 
politics and thoroughly identified with the party, yet 
he was never a candidate for any office till he became 
a candidate for United States senator in 1876. Even 
then he did not work for the position. Long resi- 
dence in the territory, active work in advancing its 
material progress, a wide-spread reputation as a sound 
and able lawyer, and previous labors for the welfare 



UNITED STATES SENATORS. IOI 

of the party, together with an extensive acquaintance 
with the people of Colorado, made his election by 
the legislature a comparatively easy matter. When, 
therefore, Colorado came to choose her first two sen- 
ators, he was elected for a period that was to be de- 
termined by lot. He drew the short term, which 
closed in 1877. He was re-elected to serve a full 
term from 1877 to 1883. He served in the senate 
until April 17, 1882, when he was appointed by Presi- 
dent Arthur, secretary of the interior. His adminis- 
tration of this department was generally recognized 
as exceedingly able and business like, and his special 
knowledge of western country, and his sympathy with 
western ideas and feelings, made his services espec- 
ially valuable. At the end of Mr. Arthur's adminis- 
tration, having been elected by the legislature, he took 
his seat again immediately in the senate as successor 
of Nathaniel P. Hill, who was appointed as commis- 
sioner to the inter-national money conference. He 
was re-elected in 1891 for the term expiring March 3, 
1897. Senator Teller's career in the national legisla- 
ture has been marked by the same energy, the same 
integrity, and the same sagacity that characterized his 
earlier life. He was married at Cuba, New York, 
January 7, 1863, to Miss Harriet M. Bruce, daughter 
of Packard Bruce, an intelligent and thrifty farmer. 
Of this marriage several children have been born. 
Mrs. Teller is a member the Methodist Episcopal 
church, of which Senator Teller is a supporter but 
not a communicant. Senator Teller is a man of 



102 UNITED STATES SENATORS. 

great generosity. To the deserving poor he is a 
friend and benefactor. He has done much gratuitous 
work for the advancement of Colorado, and has spent 
his money freely whenever an advantage to the state 
could be secured. In society he is genial and attrac- 
tive. His reputation for probity and uprightness of 
life is above reproach. Laborious and faithful as a 
lawyer, he has acquired a position among the ablest 
of his professional brethren. 

In the Fiftieth and Fifty-first congresses, Mr. Teller 
was chairman of the standing committee on patents, 
and a member of the standing committees on mines 
and mining, on privileges and elections, on public 
lands, on revision of the laws of the United States, 
and on the special committee on the five civilized tribes 
of Indians. In the Fifty-second congress he was 
placed on the additional committees of judiciary and 
private land claims, but did not serve on the com- 
mittee on patents. 

Mr. Teller resides at Central City, Colorado. His 
wife and daughter accompany him to Washington. 




EDWARD 0. W0LC0TT. 



EDWARD O. WOLCOTT 



UNITED STATES SENATOR FROM COLORADO. 



Edward O. Wolcott was born in Long Meadow, 
Massachusetts, March 26, 1848. He attended the 
common schools in his boyhood, and at the age of 
sixteen served for a few months as private in the 
One hundred and fiftieth regiment of Ohio volunteers. 
In 1866 he entered Yale college, but did not remain 
sufficiently long to graduate. He entered the Har- 
vard law school and graduated in 1871. He then 
removed to Chicago, Illinois, and began the practice 
of his profession ; but by some strange freak of for- 
tune his abilities were not widely recognized, and to 
improve his chances in life he removed to Denver. 
In that growing and enterprising city Mr. Wolcott 
began the practice of law with more success than he 
had met with in Chicago. He soon became known as 
a good orator and a shrewd political manager. His 
merit as a lawyer was soon established, and it was not 
long before he had as much business as he could 
handle. Later on he confined his energies to railroad 
cases, and in time was retained by the Denver & Rio 
Grande and the Burlington Railroad companies at 
salaries aggregating thirty thousand dollars a year. 
He also received large fees in miscellaneous cases. 
His income at the time of his election was larger than 

105 



106 UNITED STATES SENATORS. 

that of any other lawyer in Colorado. With these 
means constantly at hand Mr. Wolcott is always lib- 
eral and sometimes lavish in his expenditures. He is 
one of the best-known buyers of books and pictures 
west of New York. A Chicago book-seller has a 
standing order to send him anything worth buying, no 
matter what the price. 

In politics Mr. Wolcott is ostensibly a republican, 
but he does not hesitate to step one side when the 
course of his party does not suit him. During his 
canvass for the senatorship he had all the republican 
leaders against him, yet he had little difficulty in 
making good his claim to the Colorado seat in the 
senate. 

Hard work and grave responsibility have left few 
finger-marks on his still fresh and handsome face. 
His brother, Henry R. Wolcott, a Denver capitalist, 
is his political yoke-fellow and social companion. 

Mr. Wolcott was elected to the United States sen- 
ate as a republican to succeed Thomas M. Bowen, 
and took his seat March 4, 1889, for the term expir- 
ing March 3, 1895. 

In congress Senator Wolcott has served as chair- 
man on the committee on civil service and retrench- 
ment, and as member of the committee on claims, 
postofficesand post-roads, private land claims, woman 
suffrage, inter-state commerce, District of Columbia, 
and congressional library. 

Mr. Wolcott is married, and his wife accompanies 
him at Washington. 







JOSEPH R. HAWLEY. 



JOSEPH ROSWELL HAWLEY. 



UNITED STATES SENATOR FROM CONNECTICUT. 



Joseph R. Hawley was born at Stewartsville, Rich- 
mond county, North Carolina, October 31, 1826. He 
is of English-Scotch ancestry. His father was Rev. 
Francis Hawley, who was a descendant from Samuel 
Hawley, who settled in Stratford, Connecticut, in the 
year 1639. The Rev. Francis, father of the subject of 
this sketch, was born in Farmington, Connecticut, but 
he went south early in life and engaged in business, 
but afterward, in the year 1834, entered the Baptist 
ministry. While in the south he married Miss Mary 
McLeod, a native of North Carolina, but of Scotch 
parentage, and the family removed to the state of 
Connecticut in the year 1837, when young Joseph R. 
was about eleven years of age. The father was an 
active anti-slavery man, and those sentiments were 
more acceptable to his neighbors in Connecticut than 
in North Carolina. The son Joseph R. attended the 
public schools, worked on the farm, and later pre- 
pared for college at the Hartford grammar school and 
the seminary in Cazenovia, New York, to which place 
the family removed about the year 1842. Joseph R. 
was an only son, but had two sisters. The family 
continued to reside in Cazenovia until about the year 
1870, though the mother died in 1869. Joseph was 
graduated at Hamilton college in 1847, with a very 

109 



IIO UNITED STATES SENATORS. 

high reputation as a speaker and general debater, 
and evidence of this was the fact that he was unanim- 
ously elected to deliver the annual address of the 
Union society. After graduating he taught in the 
winters, studied law at Cazenovia and Hartford, and 
after being admitted to the bar began the practice of 
law in 1850, forming a partnership with John Hooker 
in Hartford, the title of the firm being Hooker & 
Hawley. The firm, being well equipped for the pro- 
fession, soon secured a lucrative and desirable prac- 
tice. Mr. Hawley had strong convictions on questions 
of public policy, and soon became chairman of the 
free-soil state committee, wrote for the free-soil press, 
and spoke for that party in every canvass. He stoutly 
opposed the "know-nothings," and devoted his ener- 
gies to the uniting of all the opponents of slavery. 
He never belonged to or affiliated with the whig or 
democratic parties, and being a strong free-soiler he 
voted for Martin VanBuren in 1848. He was an able 
contributor to the republican free-soil organ in Hart- 
ford until it was merged into the " Press," and was a 
participant in all free-soil conventions. When the 
republican party was organized he became an active 
member of that party ; in fact, the first meeting for 
the organization of the republican party in the state 
of Connecticut was held at his call in his office, Febru- 
ary 4, 1856. Among those present were such distin- 
guished men as Gideon Welles and John M. Niles. 
When Gen. Fremont was that year nominated for the 
presidency Mr. Hawley at once entered the canvass and 



UNITED STATES SENATORS. I I I 

gave three months of constant speaking to the cause. 
So much had he become interested in the ultimate 
success of the new party that in February, 1857, he 
abandoned his law practice and became the editor of 
the Hartford "Evening Press," the new distinctly re- 
publican paper of that city. His partner in this field 
was William Faxton, who was afterward assistant 
secretary of the navy. Editor Hawley attended the 
national republican convention in Chicago in i860, 
and strongly favored the nomination of Salmon P. 
Chase for the presidency, but when Abraham Lincoln 
became the nominee of the convention, he accepted 
the result and went to work for his election with his 
usual energy and stalwart enthusiasm. 

When the war broke out in 1861 he responded to 
the first call for troops by drawing up a form of 
enlistment and assisted by Drake, afterward colonel 
of the Tenth regiment, raised Rifle Company A, First 
Connecticut volunteers, which was organized and 
accepted in twenty-four hours, Hawley having person- 
ally engaged rifles at Sharp's factory. He became 
the captain and is said to have been the first volunteer 
in the state. He received special praise for good con- 
duct at Bull Run from Gen. Erastus D. Keyes, briga- 
dier commander. Soon thereafter he united with 
Col. Alfred H. Terry in raising the Seventh Connec- 
ticut volunteers, a three years regiment, of which he 
was lieutenant-colonel. The regiment went south in 
the Port Royal expedition, and on the capture of the 
forts it was the first sent ashore as a garrison. It was 



I I 2 UNITED STATES SENATORS. 

engaged for four months in the siege of Fort Pulaski, 
and upon the surrender was selected as the garrison. 
Hawley succeeded Terry and commanded the regiment 
in the battles of James Islands and Pocotaligo and in 
Brannan's expedition to Florida. In January, 1863, 
he went with his regiment to Florida and commanded 
the post of Ferdinanda, and in April undertook an 
unsuccessful expedition against Charleston. He also 
commanded a brigade on Morris Island in the siege 
of Charleston and the capture of Fort Wagner. In 
February, 1864, he had a brigade under Gen. Truman 
Seymour in the battle of Olustee, Florida, where the 
whole national force lost thirty-eight per cent, of those 
engaged. Hawley's regiment was one of the few that 
were armed with the Spencer breech-loading rifle. 
This weapon which he procured in the autumn of 
1863 proved very effective in the hands of his men. 
He went to Virginia in April, 1864, having a brigade 
in Terry's division, Tenth corps, Army of the James, 
and was in the battles of Drewry's Bluff, Deep Run, 
Darbytown Road, and various affairs near Bermuda 
Hundred and Deep Bottom. He commanded a divis- 
ion in the fight on the Newmarket road, and engaged 
in the siege of Petersburg. In September of the 
same year he was made a brigadier-general, having 
been repeatedly recommended by his immediate 
superiors for promotion. In November following he 
commanded a picked brigade sent to New York city 
to keep the peace during the week of the presidential 
election. He succeeded to Terry's division when the 



UNITED STATES SENATORS. I I 3 

latter was sent to Fort Fisher in January, 1865, after- 
ward rejoining him as chief of staff, Tenth corps, and 
on the capture of Wilmington, was detached by Gen. 
Schofield to establish a base of supplies there for 
Sherman's army and command southeastern North 
Carolina. In June Gen. Hawley rejoined Terry as 
chief of staff for the department of Virginia. In 
October he returned home, was breveted major-gen- 
eral, and on January 15, 1866, was mustered out of 
the service, having served actively and continuously 
nearly five years. 

While Gen. Hawley was on duty in Virginia the 
citizens of Hartford presented to him a sword, on the 
ornamental scrolls and shields of which were engraved 
these words : " Bull Run, Siege of Pulaski, James 
Island, Pocotaligo, Olustee, Wagner and Sumter, 
Siege of Petersburg, Drury's Bluff, Deep Bottom, 
Deep River, Darbytown Road." 

In April, 1866, he was elected governor of Con- 
necticut, but he was defeated for the same office in 
1867, and then having united the "Press" and the 
"Courant," he resumed editorial life, and more vigor- 
ously than ever entered the political contests following 
the war. He was always in demand as a public 
speaker throughout the country, and much of his time 
was given to the contests of his party. He was pres- 
ident of the national republican convention that nom- 
inated Gen. Grant in 1868; was secretary of the com- 
mittee on resolutions in the national convention of 
1872, and chairman of that committee in the national 



114 • UNITED STATES SENATORS. 

convention of 1876, when Mr. Hayes was nominated 
for the presidency, and was also a delegate to the 
convention in 1880. In November, 1872, he was 
elected to fill a vacancy in congress caused by the death 
of Julius L. Strong. He was re-elected to the Forty- 
third congress, defeated for the Forty-fourth and 
Forty-fifth, and re-elected to the Forty-sixth congress, 
which covered the years 1 879-1 881. He was elected 
United States senator in January, 1881, by the unani- 
mous vote of his party, and re-elected in like manner 
in January, 1887, for the term ending March 3, 1893. 

In the house he served on the committees on claims, 
banking and currency, military affairs, and appro- 
priations. 

In the senate he served on the committees on coast 
defenses, railroads, military affairs, and has usually 
been chairman of the committee on printing. He 
served on the special committee on the quadro-cen- 
tennial, and has been chairman of the committee on 
civil service, and vigorously promoted the enactment 
of civil service reform legislation. He was also chair- 
man of a select committee on ordnance and war 
ships, and submitted a long and valuable report, the 
result of careful investigation into steel production and 
heavy gun-making in England and the United States. 
In the national republican convention in Chicago in 
1884, the Connecticut delegation unanimously voted 
for him for president in every ballot. He was presi- 
dent of the United States centennial commission from 
its organization in 1872 until the close of its labors in 



UNITED STATES SENATORS. I I 5 

1877, and gave two years exclusively to the work. 
He was ex-officio member of its committees, and 
appointed all of them except the executive committee. 

In January, 1881, Gen. Hawley received from the 
board of commissioners of the centennial exhibition 
a New Year's present in the shape of a silver urn of 
beautiful design and artistic workmanship. The urn 
is about eighteen inches high. Its stand is made from 
wood from Farragut's flagship Hartford; the base 
from the timbers that supported the Independence 
bell, wood from a California " big tree," wood from 
the timbers of the Constitution, iron from the sunken 
monitor Catsh'//, a block of gold and silver ore highly 
polished from Montana, and on this stands the pedes- 
tal proper formed of Tennessee marble between 
layers of black marble from Vermont and New 
Hampshire. The vase itself is made of solid silver 
from Nevada. The presentation speech was made at 
Gen. Hawley's residence in Washington by Daniel J. 
Morrell of Pennsylvania in the presence of many dis- 
tinguished men of the nation. The recipient made a 
fitting response, and stated that he would deposit the 
vase with the Connecticut historical society, so that it 
could be exhibited at the next centennial, of which so- 
ciety Gen. Hawley has for many years been a member. 

Senator Hawley received the degree of LL.D. from 
Hamilton college in 1875, an< ^ f rom Vale in 1886. Of 
the former institution he has been trustee. 

Gen. Hawley is an ardent republican, one of the 
most acceptable extemporary orators in the republic, 



I i 6 UNITED STATES SENATORS. 

a believer in universal suffrage, the American people 
and the " American way," is a " hard-money " man, 
has earnestly opposed paper money theories, would 
adjust the tariff so as to benefit native industries, 
urges the reconstruction of our naval and coast 
defenses, demands a free ballot and a fair count every- 
where, opposes the tendency to federal centralization, 
and is a strict constructionist of the constitution in 
favor of the rights and dignity of the individual 
states. 

Ecclesiastically he is a Congregationalist. He is 
married and resides with his wife in Washington dur- 
ing the sessions of congress. 




ORVILLE H. PLATT. 



ORVILLE H. PLATT. 



UNITED STATES SENATOR FROM CONNECTICUT. 



Orville H. Piatt was born in the old town of Wash- 
ington, Litchfield county, Connecticut, July 19, 1827. 
His ancestors were good stock. His grandfather 
served in the revolutionary war. His father was a 
farmer, and young Piatt spent his early years working 
on the farm, attending school meanwhile at the 
" Gunnery," a famous school in those days when it was 
conducted by its founder, Frederick Gunn. After re- 
ceiving an academic education, Mr. Piatt studied law 
in Litchfield, Connecticut, which in the early part of 
this century had a law school where Henry Clay 
studied and which was popular among law students 
as a place to get their legal education. Mr. Piatt was 
admitted to the bar in 1849 and established himself 
at Meriden in the practice of his profession, where he 
has since resided, with the exception of a short resi- 
dence in Nebraska before the civil war. Meriden is 
one of the busiest cities in Connecticut, full of manu- 
facturing concerns, and naturally a large part of Mr. 
Piatt's legal business was in the field of patent law. 

7 JI 9 



I 20 UNITED STATES SENATORS. 

As a patent lawyer he had no superior in the state and 
few equals. His general practice was also large. For 
several years he filled the office of state's attorney 
for New Haven county, an appointment made by the 
courts. 

From the first Mr. Piatt has been prominently 
identified with the republican party of his state. He 
was appointed clerk of the senate of the state of Con- 
necticut in 1855 and 1856, and a year later, when but 
thirty years of age, he was elected secretary of state. 
In 1 86 1 and 1862 he was a member of the state 
senate, and in 1864 he was elected to the state house 
of representatives, and was again elected to the same 
body in 1869, being chosen speaker. 

Mr. Piatt's voice was heard in the early spring of 
1 86 1, earnestly urging prompt and decisive action to 
save the union. Again, when a member of the state 
senate, a "peace man" advocated measures "guaran- 
teeing the constitutional rights of the south," Senator 
Piatt rose in his place and denounced all compromise 
in the issue made by the acts of secession with a force 
of utterance indicated by the expression. "I wish 
first to know whether we have a constitution to be 
amended, or whether it is to be subverted." At the 
general assembly of Connecticut which met at New 
Haven, May 4, 1864, Mr. Piatt was appointed chair- 
man of the judiciary committee, thus making him by 
courtesy the leader of the majority party in the house. 
'I he constitutional amendment providing for the ex- 
tension of the elective franchise to the soldiers in the 



UNITED STATES SENATORS. I 2 I 

field was passed in the senate by a party vote of 
eighteen to three. It was immediately claimed by the 
opposition that the amendment had failed for want of 
a two-thirds vote of the whole house, and the speaker, 
guided by a precedent in his favor, decided that the 
amendment was not carried. Mr. Piatt appealed from 
this decision, and after a long debate resulting from 
his protest, the amendment was carried. 

In 1879, after an exciting contest in the republican 
party, Mr. Piatt was elected to the United States 
senate, the other contestants being Gen. Joseph R. 
Hawley and the late Postmaster-General Jewell. Be- 
fore his election he defined his political position as 
follows : " My ideas about hard money are that the 
time is fast approaching when the center of the 
world's trade will be in the United States, and we 
ought to deal in the world's money. I do not know 
that I can give you my financial views in brief in any 
better form. I believe in the republican party be- 
cause I believe the party has the best interests of 
the nation and people at heart. That is why I am 
a republican. The first vote I ever cast was for Mr. 
Van Buren. That was when the free-soil movement 
was prominent." 

Mr. Piatt was elected for the full term, taking his 
seat in the senate, March 18, 1879. He was re-elected 
in 1885 and again in 1890, receiving in the last two 
elections the unanimous republican vote of the legis- 
lature. During his career in the senate he has been 
chairman of the committee on patents and of the com- 



122 UNITED STATES SENATORS. 

mittee on territories, and has served on the com- 
mittee on pensions, committee on Indian affairs, the 
committee on inter-state commerce, and the com- 
mittee on judiciary, as well as on a few minor com- 
mittees and special committees. He has been espec- 
ially identified in the senate with measures relating to 
the patent laws and the admission of new states and 
the tariff. His speech on the reorganization of the 
patent office in the Forty-eighth congress in favor of 
making it a department attracted wide attention 
among patent lawyers, and did much to place the 
office on a firmer basis than ever before. To his ef- 
forts in committee and on the floor of the senate is 
due the passage of the international copyright law in 
the Fifty-first congress more than to those of any 
other man. During the Fiftieth and Fifty-first con- 
gresses he was foremost in the struggle to give the 
great northwest recognition by admitting Washington, 
North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming, Idaho, and 
Montana into the union as states. Coming from 
Connecticut he has always been deeply interested in 
tariff legislation, and has taken a pronounced stand 
in favor of protection to American industries, and in 
his tariff speeches has shown himself a firm believer 
in the principles of protection. 

Among his brother senators Mr. Piatt is regarded 
as a well equipped man, of sound judgment, great 
industry, attentive to the wants and devoted to the 
interests of his constituents, right in his principles and 
sure of his facts. One day Senator Hoar was advo- 



UNITED STATES SENATORS. I 23 

eating the passage of a certain bill, to some feature 
of which Mr. Piatt objected; whereupon the senator 
from Massachusetts observed that his friend from 
Connecticut was always right in principles, but that 
the matter in dispute was a question of fact, and that 
hence he could not defer to the judgment of the 
senator from Connecticut. In a few days, however, 
he came into the senate and admitted that the senator 
from Connecticut was right in his facts as well as in 
the principles of the thing. 

At home Mr. Piatt is one of the most popular men 
in the state, especially in the country. He is a plain 
man, whom every man feels he can approach on any 
business connected with the government, with the 
certainty that his business will be promptly and care- 
fully looked after. He is not a rich man ; in fact, he 
lives upon his salary, and gives all his time to the 
public service. He is over six feet tall, wiry, in good 
health and in the fullness of his intellectual powers. 
He is an omnivorous reader, and on subjects outside the 
common range. He is regarded in his state as one of 
the clearest, most convincing and effective platform 
speakers during the great political campaigns. In the 
temperance cause his position and influence are best 
illustrated by the boast of one of his ablest and most 
enthusiastic supporters, that no intoxicating liquors 
were offered by any of the friends of the senator 
during the canvass for his election. He is a worker 
in the church and in the Sunday school, and for many 
years conducted a bible class of over one hundred 



124 UNITED STATES SENATORS. 

members. Senator Piatt is a comparatively rare ex- 
ample of high success professionally and politically to 
whose record his fellow citizens who have known him 
from his childhood, can point the young men, and with- 
out hesitation invite them to make a study for their 
conduct in life. While Mr. Piatt fully realizes the earn- 
estness of life, yet he is fond of amusement, and his 
great and favorite sport is fishing, and in that respect 
he is a modern Ike Walton. 

Senator Piatt in his early manhood married Miss 
Bull, a lady of Pennsylvania, and they have one son, 
a practicing lawyer in the city of Meriden, Connecticut. 

In 1887 Yale college conferred the degree of Doctor 
of Laws upon Senator Piatt, a distinction which he 
prizes very highly. 

His present term in the senate will expire March 
3. 1897. 



• 4 




ANTHONY HICGINS. 



ANTHONY HIGGINS. 



UNITED STATES SENATOR FROM DELAWARE. 



Anthony Higgins, the first republican United States 
senator from Delaware, was born October i, 1840, in 
Red Lion Hundred, a village of about one hundred 
inhabitants in New Castle county, Delaware, not far 
from Wilmington. At the age of thirteen, he entered 
upon a five years' course of study at Newark acad- 
emy and Delaware college, and in the autumn of 1858, 
at the age of eighteen entered Yale college, from 
which he was graduated in 1861 with the degree of 
Bachelor of Arts. During the next two succeeding years 
he attended the Harvard law school, after which he 
read law under the instruction of William C. Spruance 
of Wilmington, Delaware, and was admitted to the 
bar in New Castle county in May, 1864. 1° Septem- 
ber of the same year he entered into partnership with 
Edward G. Bradford of Wilmington, who was after- 
ward appointed United States district judge for Dela- 
ware. About the same time he entered into the 
partnership, Mr. Higgins was appointed deputy 
attorney general for Delaware under Attorney 
General Jacob Moore. In 1869 he was ap- 
pointed United States district attorney for Del- 
Delaware by President Grant, which office Mr. Hig- 
gins held until the year 1876, since which time he has 
devoted himself exclusively to his large clientage'. 

127 



128 UNITED STATES SENATORS. 

His first appearance in politics was in 1863, when he 
championed the cause of Nathaniel B. Smithers, the 
republican candidate for congress. Mr. Smithers was 
elected, and during that campaign Mr. Higgins 
attracted general attention by his brilliant oratory. 
He was chairman of the republican state committee 
in 1868, and he received the votes of the republican 
members of the legislature for the United States sen- 
ate in 1 88 1. He was republican candidate for con- 
gress in 1884, and was elected to the United States 
senate to succeed Senator Saulsbury, the latter having 
represented Delaware in the senate for eighteen years 
successively. Senator Higgins took his seat March 
4, 1889, for the six years' term to expire March 3, 
1895. 

In the Fifty-first congress Mr. Higgins served as 
chairman of the standing committee to examine the 
several branches of the civil service, and was a mem- 
ber of the committees on agriculture and forestry, 
claims, and the District of Columbia. In the Fifty- 
second congress he was made chairman of the com- 
mittee on manufactures, and member of the committees 
on inter-state commerce, privileges and elections, and 
again on the District of Columbia. 

Ecclesiastically, Senator Higgins is a Presbyterian, 
and is a man of scholarly attainments and pleasant 
address. He resides in Wilmington, directly opposite 
the residence of Senator Gray, his democratic col- 
league. He is a bachelor, and his sister presides over 
his home. 




GEORCE GRAY. 



GEORGE GRAY. 



UNITED STATES SENATOR FROM DELAWARE. 



George Gray was born at New Castle, Delaware, 
May 4, 1840. His father was Andrew C. Gray, a man 
of education and a prominet lawyer in that part of 
the country. Young Gray had every advantage for 
acquiring a good education, and he improved the 
opportunity. He attended the public schools, and 
with good preparation entered Princeton college, 
from which he graduated at the early age of nineteen, 
receiving the degree of Bachelor of Arts, and in 1862, 
at the age of twenty-two, received from the same 
institution the degree of Master of Arts ; and in 1889 
the degree of Doctor of Laws was conferred upon 
him by his alma mater. He began the study of law 
with his father, and so well did he apply himself that 
after attending the Hartford law school one year he 
was admitted to the bar, and at the age of twenty- 
three began the practice of his profession at New 
Castle, and soon acquired not only a lucrative prac- 
tice, but a high standing at the bar. In 1879 he was 
appointed by Gov. Hall attorney general of the state, 
and moved to Wilmington, where he has since resided. 
In 1884 he was re-appointed to the same office by 
Gov. Stockley, which position he filled until 1885, 
with credit to himself and the satisfaction of the peo- 

131 



132 UNITED STATES SENATORS. 

pie of Delaware. He was a delegate to the national 
democratic convention at St. Louis in 1876 which 
nominated Mr. Tilden for the presidency, was again a 
delegate to the Cincinnati convention that nominated 
Gen. Hancock in 1880, and was also a member of the 
national democratic convention in Chicago in 1884 
that nominated Grover Cleveland. 

In 1885 he was elected by the legislature of Dela- 
ware as a United States senator as a democrat, to fill 
the vacancy caused by the appointment by President 
Cleveland of Thomas F. Bayard as secretary of state. 
He took his seat March 19, 1885, and served the 
unexpired term, at the end of which time he was re- 
elected for the full term of six years, and took his 
seat March 4, 1887. His term will expire March 3, 

1893. 

In the senate Mr. Gray was placed on several of 

the leading committees from the start, and most of 
his time has served on the standing committees to 
examine the several branches of the civil service, on 
naval affairs, on patents, on territories, on privileges 
and elections, foreign relations, and on the special 
committee on the quadro-centennial. His being 
placed on these important committees so early in his 
senatorial career was a recognition of his abilities, 
and evidences the standing in which he is held by his 
brother senators. 

Senator Gray is married and resides in a splendid 
home in Wilmington immediately opposite the resi- 
dence of his colleague, Senator Anthony Higgins. 



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WILKINSON CALL. 



WILKINSON CALL. 



UNITED STATES SENATOR FROM FLORIDA. 



Wilkinson Call was born in Russellville, Logan 
county, Kentucky, January 9, 1834. His native place 
is the seat of Logan Female college, and the Baptist 
Bethel college. But young Call had no intention of 
settling down to the routine of business which made 
up the uneventful history of Russellville. Although 
unable to avail himself of the advantages of a liberal 
education, he embraced the means of culture within 
his reach and determined to prepare himself for a 
wider field of activity. He began the study of law, 
and after the usual preparatory course was admitted 
to the bar. Florida became his home, and his life 
was identified with the interests of his adopted state, 
and he was intensely devoted to the political views of 
the south. Mr. Call was fortunate in the selection of 
Jacksonville for his place of residence, now the most 
populous city of the state, situated on the banks of 
the St. John's river, twenty miles from its mouth. He 
has been associated with the growth of the place since 
it was a village, and has practiced his profession with 
great success. In 1865 he was elected United States 
senator from Florida, but owing to the subsequent 
passage of the reconstruction act was not allowed to 

135 



136 UNITED STATES SENATORS. 

take his seat. In 1878 the democratic party again 
came into power, and on March 18th, 1879, he was 
aeain elected, and was seated March 18th of that 
year, succeeding Simon B. Conover, a republican, for 
the full term. In 1885 he was again returned, and 
again re-elected in 1891, after a long and exciting 
contest in the state legislature. It has been a time 
honored rule in Florida that the democratic candidate 
must receive two-thirds of the caucus vote before he 
is officially recognized as the party nominee. The 
caucus decided to adhere to this rule at their first 
meeting, and ninety ballots were taken without any 
one receiving the required majority. Mr. Call was 
supported by a majority of the democrats during all 
the sessions, but his opponents were equally firm, and 
the contest was most exciting. At length it was de- 
cided to abandon the caucus and to throw the contest 
into the legislature, which was near adjournment by 
limitation of the constitution. A majority was the 
only requisite to election in the joint session, and on 
May 29th, 1 89 1, the state assembly and senate met 
and Mr. Call received fifty-one out of fifty-four, and 
the president of the senate declared Mr. Call elected. 
The joint session contained a majority of all the 
members elected to the legislature. Senator Call has 
served on the committees on appropriations, educa- 
tion and labor, engrossed bills, transportation, fish- 
eries, mines and mining, and revision of the laws. 

Senator Call is married, and his wife and daughter 
reside with him at Washington. 




SAMUEL PASCO 



SAMUEL PASCO. 



UNITED STATES SENATOR FROM FLORIDA. 



Samuel Pasco, of Monticello, Florida, was born in 
London, England, June 28, 1834. When quite 
young he removed with his father first to Prince 
Edward Island, and soon thereafter to Charleston, 
Massachusetts. He attended the public schools, pre- 
pared for college at the high school in Charleston, 
and was graduated with high honors at Harvard in 
1858. In January, 1859, he went to Florida to take 
charge of the Waukeenah academy, in Jefferson 
county, where he also commenced the study of law. 

In July, 1 86 1, the war having broken out, he entered 
the confederate army as a private in the Third Flor- 
ida infantry. He was wounded and taken prisoner at 
Missionary Ridge, and was taken to Camp Morton, 
Indianapolis, Indiana, where he was detained till the 
close of the war, when he returned to Florida, and 
was soon elected clerk of the circuit court of his 
county, and resumed the study of law which he had 
abandoned at the outbreak of the war. He was 
admitted to the bar in 1868 and began the practice of 
his profession in Monticello, and soon gained a desir- 
able clientage. In 1872 he became a member of the 

139 



I40 UNITED STATES SENATORS. 

democratic state committee, and from 1876 to 1888 
was its chairman, conducting the campaigns with a 
vigor and an intelligence that has held that state in 
democratic line despite the large influx into the state 
of many republicans from the eastern states. He has 
represented Florida on the democratic national com- 
mittee since 1880. In 1880 he was elected a presi- 
dential elector at large for his state and cast his vote 
for Gen. Hancock. In both 1880 and 1884 he was 
proposed as the democratic candidate for governor, 
but withdrew his name for the sake of party harmony. 
In 1885 he was president of the state constitutional 
convention, and in 1886 he was elected to the state 
legislature, and was chosen speaker of the house and 
over both he presided with dignity, fairness and dis- 
tinction. While he was still a member of the legis- 
lature, on the 19th of May, 1887, he was elected 
United States senator as a democrat, to succeed 
Charles W. Jones. His term will expire March 3, 
1893. In that august body, distinguished for men of 
ability, he has taken high rank, and has won for him- 
self and state honors and distinctions by his wise 
treatment of every question that has been before that 
body. 

Senator Pasco has faithfully served on the com- 
mittees on private land claims, woman suffrage, pub- 
lic buildings and grounds, public lands and claims. 

He is a prominent Mason and Odd Fellow, and has 
served as grand master of the former and presiding 
officer of the state grand lodge of the latter. 




P *;*i> *<' 




JOHN B. GORDON. 



JOHN BROWN GORDON 



UNITED STATES SENATOR FROM GEORGIA. 



Senator John B. Gordon is one of the most popular 
and best known men in the south, and he was one of 
the first, if not the first, of the old confederate leaders 
to turn his back definitely upon the past, and to look 
forward to the development of the resources of his 
section of the country. He is a most brilliant speaker, 
and his earnest appeal to the patriotic men of all 
parties and sections to unite to put an end to the 
strife, bickerings and jealousies between the north and 
the south, soon after the war, was very influential. He 
felt assured that the strife was maintained by the 
selfish and ambitious politicians for their own pur- 
poses. His counsel and influence have invariably 
been in the interest of peace and good will. When in 
the senate of the United States nearly twenty years 
ago, it was probably true of him as maintained by his 
admirers, that at that time he had done more than 
any one else to convince the people of the north that 
the better classes of the south accepted the conse- 

143 



144 UNITED STATES SENATORS. 

quences of the war in good faith, humiliating as they 
might be to many. General Gordon has also taken 
an energetic part personally in the southern industrial 
movement, and has been an important figure in the 
inauguration and maintainage of all new and desirable 
enterprises. To him is very largely due the prosperity 
and advancement of the " new south." 

John B. Gordon was born in Upson county, 
Georgia, on February 6, 1832. No pains or expense 
was spared in his early education and in fitting him 
for college, and like so many public men of the south 
he attended the University of Georgia. After leaving 
college he studied law, was admitted to the bar, and 
practiced with unusual success until the outbreak of 
the war, when he entered the confederate army and 
was made captain of a company in an infantry regi- 
ment. He proved to be a dashing and intrepid 
soldier, and soon rose to the rank of major, then rose 
to the rank of lieutenant-colonel, became colonel of a 
regiment, was appointed brigadier-general, and for 
gallantry upon the battle-field, was promoted to 
major-general. He then became commander of the 
Second army corps and did valiant service for his 
cause. At Appomattox court house he commanded 
one wing of Gen. Robert E. Lee's army. His brilliant 
achievements on the battle-field, his many wounds, and 
the devotion of his wife to him, make a story which 
has often been told. It is one of the interesting and 
beautiful romances of the war of the rebellion. He 
was wounded no less than eight times in battle, and 



UNITED STATES SENATORS. 145 

his still handsome face bears the scars he received at 
Sharpsburg where a ball entered his cheek and laid 
him low on the field. His exploits at Petersburg 
placed him in the first rank of living military chief- 
tains. His division fired the last gun before Lee's 
surrender ; but when peace was again restored, he 
poured the balm of his kindly nature into the wounds 
of the war, and like a true soldier accepted the re- 
sults of the victory of his late opponents in the deadly 
strife. 

In 1868 he made his first appearance in politics. 
He was the candidate of the conservative democrats 
for governor of the state, but was defeated for the po- 
sition by his republican opponent. He was sent by 
his constituents as a delegate to the national demo- 
cratic convention that nominated Horatio Seymour 
for the presidency, and was again a delegate to the 
national democratic convention in 1872. The same 
years he was elected presidential elector for the state 
at large. He was also in 1872 elected by the legis- 
lature of his state to the United States senate as a 
democrat, and took his seat March 4, 1873. He 
served out his term in that body, and was noted for 
his brilliant oratory and his fraternal bearing, and 
from 1877 to the close of his term he was friendly to 
the administration of President Hayes, and yet re- 
tained the confidence and respect of his own party. 
In 1879 Senator Gordon was re-elected, but in 1880 
he resigned his seat in the senate on the grounds that 
he was too poor to remain in politics and returned to 

8 



I4 6 UNITED STATES SENATORS. 

Georgia and engaged in railroad enterprises to repair 
his shattered fortunes. 

In 1886, through the solicitation of friends, he again 
entered politics and was elected governor of Georgia, 
and so popular was his administration that he was re- 
elected in 1888. In 1890 he was elected United States 
senator for the term expiring March 3, 1897. The 
farmers' alliance as a political organization opposed 
him, and the contest was a fierce one. Senator Gor- 
don invited and met the hostility of the new party 
and overcame it. 

Senator Gordon is a working member of the stand- 
ing committees in the senate on civil service, coast 
defenses, railroads, territories, and transportation 
routes to the seaboard. 

Gen. Gordon is one of the fine looking men of the 
senate. He is tall, straight, and military in his 
bearing. He is very popular with his old soldiers, 
and notwithstanding the fact that he opposed the 
fanners' alliance and was opposed by them he was 
elected to the senate. He is the commander of the 
United States Confederate veterans, a social order of 
the south similar to the Grand Army of the Republic 
in the north. He is a noted after-dinner speaker, is 
fond of his fellowmen, and makes and holds friends 
wherever he is thrown. 

Gen. Gordon resides at Atlanta and also has a 
country home at Reynolds, a village in Taylor county, 
in the western-central part of the state, not far from 
where he was born. 




ALFRED H. COLQUITT. 



ALFRED HOLT COLQUITT. 



UNITED STATES SENATOR FROM GEORGIA. 



Alfred H. Colquitt was born in Walton county, 
Georgia, April 20, 1824. His grandfather was a Vir- 
ginian. His father, Hon. Walter T. Colquitt, was a 
native of Georgia, and became one of its most influ- 
ential citizens, representing the commonwealth for 
several years in the senate of the United States, and 
resigning that position in 1845. 

Alfred H. Colquitt, the subject of this sketch, after 
preparing for a classical course, entered Princeton 
college, New Jersey, and was graduated therefrom in 
1844 at the age of twenty, while his father was still a 
member of the United States senate. He studied law, 

149 



150 UNITED STATES SENATORS. 

and was admitted to the bar upon arriving at his 
majority, and began practice ; but the Mexican war 
coming on, he entered the army, and at the age of 
twenty-three, with the rank of major, was serving on 
the staff of General Zachary Taylor. 

After peace was declared with Mexico, he returned 
home and resumed the practice of his profession ; but 
in 1852 the people of his district having marked him as 
one fitted for political preferment, nominated him for 
congress, and although but twenty-eight years of age, 
he was elected, taking his seat in the Thirty-third 
congress. In 1854 he declined a unanimous nomina- 
tion for re-election. In 1856 he was a delegate to the 
national democratic convention that nominated James 
Buchanan for the presidency. In 1859 he was a mem- 
ber of the legislature of his state, and in i860 he was 
a delegate to the national democratic convention, and 
an elector at large on the Breckinridge ticket. He 
was a member of the secession convention of Geor- 
gia ; and at the opening of the civil war he joined the 
confederate forces, and was made a captain in the 
Sixth Georgia infantry. He was soon chosen colonel 
of the regiment, then promoted to brigadier-general, 
and after serving some time in that grade, was pro- 
moted to the rank of major-general, and by his gal- 
lantry won special distinction as the "hero of Olustee." 

At the close of the war he returned to his home, 
and once more began the practice of law. In 1868 he 
was a delegate to the Seymour convention ; and in 
1870, on the same day, he was made president of both 



UNITED STATES SENATORS. 151 

the state democratic convention and of the state agri- 
cultural society, and was re-elected to the later office 
for the following six years. In 1872 he was a delegate 
to the democratic convention which met at Baltimore, 
Maryland. In 1876 he was the gubernatorial candi- 
date of his party, and was elected by a majority of 
eighty thousand, the largest ever received in the state 
at a similar election. Two years later he was elected 
president of the great International Sunday-school as- 
sociation, which he regards as one of the highest 
honors ever conferred upon him. In 1880 he was re- 
elected governor. His administration was distin- 
guished by an event the most important and far-reach- 
ing in its influence upon the prosperity not only of his 
own state but of the entire south — the Atlanta Cotton 
exposition and fair, which brought together capitalists 
and inventors from all parts of the union, and which 
was the beginning of the prosperity of the "new 
south." The effect of the enterprise was harmonizing 
and salutary upon the vast multitudes who assembled 
at Atlanta on the occasion. The address made by 
Governor Colquitt at its opening, and his uniform 
courtesy to all whose good fortune it was to be there, 
will ever be a recollection grateful to them ; and the 
splendid results of the great achievement was one of 
the crowning features of his administration as governor 
of the state. 

In January, 1882, Governor Colquitt addressed an 
immense assembly in Brooklyn Tabernacle, New York, 
under the auspices of the National Temperance so- 



I 5 2 UNITED STATES SENATORS. 

ciety, and delivered a speech in favor of temperance, 
which alone would have almost given him a national 
reputation. 

In 1882 he was elected to the United States senate 
as a democrat, for the term expiring March 3, 1889, 
at which time he was re-elected for the term expiring 
March 3, 1895. 

In congress, Senator Colquitt has served on the 
committees on manufactures, postoffices and post- 
roads, private land claims, enrolled bills, inter-state 
commerce, and on the centennial of the constitution. 

In the distinguished body in which he serves, he is 
recognized as an able, conscientious, clear-sighted 
member; and his many calls to prominent public po- 
sitions, is evidence of the estimation in which he is 
held by the people of his own state. 

Senator Colquitt is married, has a son and a 
daughter, and resides at Atlanta. 



^ 



W 




CEO. L. SHOUP. 



GEORGE L. SHOUP. 



UNITED STATES SENATOR FROM IDAHO. 



George L. Shoup was born in Kittanning, Pennsyl- 
vania, June 15, 1836. He was educated in the schools 
of Freeport and Slate Lick. In 1S52 he removed with 
his father to Illinois and settled near Galesburg, where 
they engaged in farming and stock raising for the 
next six years. In 1859 young Shoup removed to 
Colorado and engaged in mining and mercantile bus- 
iness, which business he followed until 1861, when he 
enlisted in Captain Backus' independent company of 
scouts, and was soon thereafter commissioned second- 
lieutenant. During the autumn and winter he was 
engaged in scouting along the base of the Rocky moun- 
tains, and in the early part of 1862 was ordered to 
Fort Union, New Mexico, and was kept on scouting 
duty on the Canadian, Pecos, and Red rivers until the 
spring of 1863, and during the time was promoted to 
a first-lieutenancy. He was then ordered to the 
Arkansas river. He had been assigned in 1862 to the 
Second Colorado regiment of infantry, but was re- 
tained on duty in the cavalry service. In 1863 he was 
assigned to the First Colorado regiment of cavalry. 
In 1864 he was elected to the convention to prepare 
a constitution for the proposed state of Colorado, 

155 



I56 UNITED STATES SENATORS. 

and obtained a leave of absence for thirty days to 
serve as a member of that convention. After per- 
forming this service he returned to active duty in the 
army, and in September, 1864, was commissioned col- 
onel of the Third Colorado cavalry, in which capacity 
he served until he was mustered out in Denver with 
the regiment at the expiration of his term of service. 

Mr. Shoup engaged in the mercantile business in 
Virginia City, Montana, in 1866, and during the same 
year established a business at Salmon City, Idaho, 
where he now resides. Since going to that country 
he has been engaged in mining, stock raising, mercan- 
tile and other business. He was a member of the ter- 
ritorial legislature during the eighth and tenth ses- 
sions; was a delegate to the national republican 
convention in Chicago in 1880, was a member of the 
republican national committee from 1880 until 1884, 
and was United States commissioner for Idaho at the 
World's Cotton Centennial exposition at New 
Orleans in 1884 and 1885. He was again placed on 
the republican national committee in 1888, and in 1889 
was appointed governor of Idaho territory, which 
position he held from March of that year until he 
was elected governor of the state October 1, 1890. On 
December 18th of the same year he was elected 
United States senator as a republican, and took his 
seat December 29, 1890. His term of service will 
expire March 3, 1895. 

Mr. Shoup is married, and Mrs. Shoup resides with 
him in Washington during the sessions of congress. 




FRED T. DUBOIS. 



FRED T. DUBOIS. 



UNITED STATES SENATOR FROM IDAHO. 



Fred T. Dubois was born in Crawford county, 
Illinois, May 29, 1851. His father was Jesse K. Du- 
bois, a well-known pioneer of the state and a warm 
personal friend of Abraham Lincoln, and prominent 
in the early history of the state. Young Fred at- 
tended the public schools in his boyhood, prepared 
for a classical course at Springfield, Illinois, and 
entered Yale college, from which institution he was 
graduated in 1872. After graduating he returned to 
his native state, and for a time was in the employ of 
John V. Farwell & Co., wholesale dry goods mer- 
chants, in Chicago, after which he entered the state 
auditor's office at Springfield as an assistant. Subse- 
quently be became secretary of the state board of 
railway and warehouse commissioners in Illinois, 
which position he held during the years 1875 an d 

159 



l6o UNITED STATES SENATORS. 

1876, and was considered an influential factor in the 
politics of his party in the state. On account of ill 
health he concluded to change climates, and started 
for Idaho, taking a herd of cattle from Illinois as far 
as Cheyenne, Wyoming, where he sold them, and with 
the proceeds engaged in business in Idaho. 

In August, 1882, he was appointed United States 
marshall for that territory, which position he held 
until September 1, 1886. By his uncompromising 
fight on the Mormons, who were endeavoring to 
colonize the territory, he got into politics, and was 
elected delegate to the Fiftieth congress. So satis- 
factorily did he represent his constituency that he was 
re-elected to the Fifty-first congress, in which he 
served until the admission of Idaho into the union as 
a state. He was elected to the United States senate 
as a republican in 1891 for the term expiring March 
3. 1897. 

Mr. Dubois took his seat in the senate December 8, 
1 89 1, and was placed on the committees on manu- 
factures, immigration, irrigation and reclamation of 
arid lands, and organization, conduct and expendi- 
tures of the executive department. 

Mr. Dubois is one of the youngest members of the 
senate, is a bright, progressive man. He comes of 
good sensible stock, and he will doubtless prove an 
able representative of his state. He resides at Black- 
foot, Idaho. 




JOHN M. PALMER. 



JOHN M. PALMER. 



UNITED STATES SENATOR FROM ILLINOIS. 



John McCauley Palmer was born on Eagle Creek, 
Scott county, Kentucky, September 13, 181 7. His 
father, Louis D. Palmer, emigrated to Kentucky from 
Northumberland county, Virginia, in the year 1793, 
and was married in 18 13 to Miss Ann Tutt, a native 
of Culpepper county, Virginia. The ancestors of the 
family were from England, and among the first set- 
tlers of Virginia. The elder Palmer, who was a sol- 
dier of the war of 181 2, removed to Christian count)-, 
Kentucky, at the time of the birth of John McCauley 
Palmer. Here John M.'s childhood was spent, attend- 
ing a neighboring school in winter and rendering as- 
sistance upon the farm in the summer, until he had 
received a fair common-school education. His father, 
an ardent Andrew Jackson man, was also an ardent 
opponent of human slavery, and thoroughly impressed 
his opinions upon his children, the family being at 
that time known as warm anti-slavery democrats. In 
183 1 the opinions of the elder Palmer determined him 
to emigrate to the free states, and in that year he 

163 



164 UNITED STATES SENATORS. 

removed to Madison county, Illinois, and settled about 
ten miles from Alton. Young John at this time was 
about fourteen years of age. The labor of improving 
the farm occupied the time until 1833, when the death 
of the mother broke up the family. In the spring of 
1835 J onn M. and his elder brother, Elihue, who, 
afterwards became a minister of the gospel and noted 
for his learning and eccentricities, entered Alton col- 
lege, which was organized and opened upon the 
"manual labor system." They were almost without 
money, but in its place were possessed of most san- 
guine hopes. Several months were thus spent, and in 
the fall of 1836 John M. left college for lack of money 
to further prosecute his studies. From this time until 
the spring of 1839 he spent his time in a variety of 
ways. For awhile he worked with a cooper, then he 
became a peddler, and, finally in the fall of 1838, be- 
ing then in Fulton county, Illinois, he was invited to 
take charge of a district school near Canton, where he 
taught "two quarters" to the apparent satisfaction of 
his patrons. During this time he had been a constant 
reader of history, poetry, novels, sermons, and news- 
papers, and had amassed a respectable but most illy 
arranged store of knowledge. In the summer of 
1838 he cast his first vote for the democratic ticket, 
Senator Douglas being a candidate for congress. The 
acquaintance of this then rising young statesman, by 
kindling young Palmer's ambition and spurring him 
to effort, probably gave stability to his purpose, and 
tended to shape his future course in life. During the 



UNITED STATES SENATORS. I 65 

winter of 1838 he obtained a copy of Blackstone's 
Commentaries and began the study of law, and in the 
spring of 1839 he entered the office of John L. Great- 
house, then a lawyer of considerable standing at Car- 
linville, Macoupin county, Illinois. On arriving at 
Carlinville, having walked to that place from St. 
Louis, his entire stock of money consisted of fourteen 
dollars and his wardrobe of an indifferent suit of 
clothes and an extra change of linen. Here young 
Palmer found his brother Elihue, who was married 
and preaching to a congregation in Carlinville. This 
brother advised him to remain and pursue his studies, 
offering to board him, and accordingly, as above 
stated, John M. entered the office of Mr. Greathouse. 
In less than two months after this, at the request of 
leading democratic politicians, he became a candidate 
for the office of county clerk. He engaged actively 
in the canvass, but was defeated by a majority of one 
hundred and twenty votes. In December, 1839, at 
the age of twenty-two, he obtained a license to practice 
as an attorney and counsellor at law. Judge Stephen 
A. Douglas took much interest in the application, and 
wrote the license, which General Palmer carefully 
preserves to this day. 

Upon the return of young Palmer to Carlinville he 
was not at once successful, and the only reason he did 
not seek a new home was his inability before leav- 
ing to meet his obligations. Often since then Gen- 
eral Palmer has said that this early poverty lies at the 
foundation of whatever success he afterward attained. 



I 66 UNITED STATES SENATORS. 

In time, however, his practice grew, and it was not 
long until he was considered a successful lawyer. 

In 1840 he participated in the canvass for presi- 
dent, supporting Mr. Van Buren. 

In December, 1843, at tne a g e °f twenty-five, he was 
married. 

In 1843 ne was elected probate judge of Macoupin 
county. In 1847 he was elected to the Illinois state 
constitutional convention, and at the same election 
was defeated for probate justice by a combination 
formed against him. In 1848, his victorious com- 
petitor having resigned, he was again elected probate 
judge by a large majority. The same year the new 
constitution was adopted and he was elected county 
judge, in which office he continued until 1852, when he 
was elected to the state senate. He attended the ses- 
sions of that body in 1852, 1853, and 1854, and in the 
latter year opposed a resolution approving the Ne- 
braska bill. In 1855 he was re-elected to the senate 
as an independent anti-Nebraska democrat, and warmly 
supported many important measures, such as the free- 
school system, homestead law, etc. In 1856 he was a 
a member of and was president of the first Illinois re- 
publican state convention, held at Bloomington. He 
was a delegate to the national republican convention 
at Philadelphia, and advocated the nomination of 
Judge McLean, though personally preferring Fremont. 
He entered actively into the canvass, exerting himself 
for Fremont, having resigned his seat in the senate, 
upon the ground that, having changed his political 



UNITED STATES SENATORS. 1 67 

connections after his election, self-respect and a proper 
regard for the true principles of a representative gov- 
ernment demanded such a course. In 1858 Mr. Pal- 
mer was engaged in state politics and favored the 
nomination of Lincoln as a candidate for senator by 
the republican state convention, and in 1859 was 
nominated for congress, but was defeated, the party 
to which he had allied himself being yet quite young. 
In i860 he was elected elector-at-large on the republi- 
can ticket, and cast his vote for Abraham Lincoln for 
the presidency. In 1861 he was a delegate to the 
peace congress at Washington, and favored measures 
of compromise adopted by the conference. When 
the second call for troops was made he came forward 
and enlisted as a soldier, regardless of great home 
interests, and on May 9, 1861, was unanimously 
elected colonel of the Fourteenth Illinois regiment of 
volunteers. After moving with his command from 
Jacksonville, Illinois, to sundry points in Missouri, he 
accompanied Gen. John C. Fremont in his expedition 
to Springfield, Missouri, and was there assigned the 
command of a brigade by Gen. Hunter, which formed 
a part of Gen. Pope's expedition to Milford, which 
captured a large number of confederate prisoners. 
On the 20th of November, the same year he was com- 
missioned brigadier-general. He commanded a di- 
vision and was with Gen. Pope at the capture of New 
Madrid and Island Number 10, the bombardment of 
Fort Pillow, and took part in the operations against 
Corinth. On the 20th of April, 1862, they landed at 



1 68 UNITED STATES SENATORS. 

Hamburg, on the Tennessee river, and Gen. Pope in 
re-organizing his corps assigned Gen. Palmer to the 
command of the First brigade, First division of the 
Army of the Mississippi, composed of the 22nd, 27th 
and 51st Illinois volunteers and Hikock's battery. 
From great exposure and constant activity Gen. Pal- 
mer was taken very ill, and on the 29th of May, 1862, 
he was ordered home by Gen. Pope, where he re- 
mained for three months, when he took part in the 
effort to raise more troops, and under the authority 
of the governor of Illinois organized the 122nd Illinois 
regiment at Carlinville. On the 26th of Auo-ust he 
left home for the front, and on the 1st of September 
reached Tuscumbia, Alabama, where he was assigned 
the command of the First division of the Army of the 
Mississippi and ordered to join Buell. The 1st and 
2nd brigades were concentrated at Decatur under 
Gen. Palmer, and reached Athens the 6th of Septem- 
ber. After active operations in this neighborhood, 
they arrived in Nashville on the nth of September; 
and during the so-called blockade of Nashville by the 
southern forces, for a period of several weeks Gen. 
Negley's and Gen. Palmer's forces were the occupants 
and defenders of the city. In the early part of No- 
vember, Gen. Palmer was with Gen. Grant's army in 
temporary command of a division. Subsequently in 
the awful scenes of Stone River, Gen. Palmer led a 
division and acted a conspicuous part, which was 
personally recognized ; and for gallantry and skill dis- 
played upon this occasion, he was nominated and con- 



UNITED STATES SENATORS. I 69 

firmed as major-general, his commission dating from 
the battle of Stone River, December 29, 1862. He 
was at Corinth and at the bloody contest of Murfrees- 
boro, was engaged at Chattanooga, Chickamauga, 
Lookout Mountain, Missionary Ridge ; and subse- 
quently participated in the bloody strife at Dalton, 
Resaca, Dallas, Kenesaw Mountain, and at the battle 
of Atlanta rendered brilliant service. In the memorial 
hall at Springfield, Illinois, may be seen a battle- 
stained banner of the confederacy, a hard-won trophy 
of his troops at the spirited engagement of LaVergne. 

In placing Gen. Palmer in nomination for the sen- 
atorship in 1891, Hon. Wiley E. Jones, a member of 
the Illinois house of representatives, after an eloquent 
rehearsal of Gen. Palmer's war record, said : 

"In the recital of his martial service to his country, 
no part is brighter than his record as military governor 
of Kentucky, the state which gave him birth. Com- 
bining the firmness of a soldier with the genius of a 
statesman, he lifted a prostrate people and restored 
to them the confidence and power to rule themselves. 
Out of chaos he brought order ; and so far as possible 
he endeavored at all times to subordinate the military 
to the civil power. War at an end, sectional hatred 
and petty prejudice found no abiding place in his 
bosom. The thunders of Appomattox scarce had 
ceased when his teachings were that bayonets and 
blades, so lately crimson with the blood of brothers 
should be beaten into implements of husbandry that 
prosperity might speedily return to bless a re-united 



I 70 UNITED STATES SENATORS. 

people." On August 4, 1864, after commanding the 
Fourteenth army corps through the Atlanta campaign, 
General Palmer was relieved at his own request, and 
from February, 1865, to May 1, 1866, commanded the 
military department of Kentucky. His resignation 
was accepted September 1, 1866; and after over five 
years of active service, he returned to Illinois, removed 
to Springfield, and engaged once more in the peaceful 
practice of his profession ; but the people of Illinois 
would not allow him to remain long in retirement, 
and in the summer of 1868 he was nominated by the 
republican state convention for the governorship of 
the state. So well and favorably known had he be~ 
come that a canvass was scarcely necessary, and in 
November of that year he was elected governor of 
Illinois by over fifty thousand majority — the largest 
majority ever given to any one for that office in the 
state. His record as governor forms an important 
portion of the history of Illinois. During that period 
the present state constitution was adopted and many 
needed reforms were established. He supported 
Greely in 1872, and advocated the discontinuance of 
sectional strife. In fact, he was in position at the time 
to secure the liberal republican nomination for the 
presidency, but refused to make any pledges or prom- 
ises to secure it. He was offered the vice-presidency on 
the ticket with* Greeley, but declined. In 1876 the 
"New York Sun" and many other prominent journals 
strongly advocated Gen. Palmer for the democratic 
nomination for the presidency, though he was in no 



UNITED STATES SENATORS. I 7 1 

sense a candidate. When Mr. Tilden was nominated, 
Gen. Palmer labored vigorously for his election, and 
his eloquence and logic in Mr. Tilden's behalf were 
felt in every portion of the state. He was one of the 
democratic visitors to Louisiana after the presidential 
election. In 1877 he was supported by the democrats 
of the legislature for United States senator, and came 
within a very few votes of election. He was again 
voted for in the senatorial contest in 1883, and again 
in 1889. In 1884 he was a delegate-at-large to the 
national democratic convention in Chicago. 

General Palmer has always been a firm believer 
in the right of the people to govern themselves 
through their chosen representatives, all power to 
remain as near the people as possible; and in 1888, 
when he was unanimously nominated for governor of 
Illinois by the state democratic convention, he de- 
livered a brief speech of acceptance that was ap- 
plauded in all parts of the union, and in which he 
vehemently denounced the practice of employing 
from private detective agencies bodies of armed men 
to suppress strikes and force arbitrations. He prom- 
ised that his administration, if elected, should be " as 
strong as the law, no stronger ; as weak as the law, 
no weaker ; " and that the people should govern them- 
selves through their duly elected representatives. His 
memorable campaign of that year, impressed the 
voters with his belief that all power should be as near 
the people as possible, and that taxation should be 
for public purposes only, and in 1890 he was nomi- 



172 UNITED STATES SENATORS. 

nated in open state convention as the democratic can- 
didate for the United States senate. His canvass for 
the election of members of the state legislature and 
the entire democratic ticket was never equaled in the 
state, not even in the days of Lincoln and Douglas ; 
and he had the eminent satisfaction of not only gain- 
ing the legislature, but of seeing the entire demo- 
cratic state ticket elected by a large majority, and 
fourteen out of twenty members of congress as well. 
The people of the state having thus named him as 
their choice, the legislature the following winter went 
through the legal formality of electing him senator of 
the United States from Illinois for the six years 
beginning March 4, 1891, and ending March 3, 1897. 

General Palmer is a veteran in years and exper- 
ience, but he is a veritable Hercules in mental vigor 
and physical strength and endurance. That he is one 
of the great men of the nation is recognized and 
affirmed by his political friends and willingly conceded 
by his political opponents. 

On the 4th of April, 1888, his first wife having been 
dead for a number of years, Senator Palmer was mar- 
ried to Mrs. Hannah L. Kimball of Springfield, Illi- 
nois, a lady of rare culture and of prominent family 
connections. His wife and daughter reside with him 
in Washington. 

In congress, Senator Palmer has been placed on the 
committees on military affairs, railroads, pensions, and 
improvement of the Mississippi river and its tribu- 
taries. 




SHELBY M. CULLOM. 



SHELBY M. CULLOM. 



UNITED STATES SENATOR FROM ILLINOIS. 



Shelby M. Cullom was born in Monticello, Wayne 
county, Kentucky, November 22, 1829. His father 
removed with him, when scarcely a year old, to Taze- 
well county, Illinois, where he became prominent 
among the pioneers of the state, a member of the leg- 
islature and a trusted friend of Abraham Lincoln. 
The son Shelby until he was nineteen years of age 
worked on the paternal farm in summer, and attended 
the district schools in winter. During ten months of 
this time he was engaged also in teaching school. He 
then left home and became a student at the Mt. 
Morris university, but at the close of his second year 
was obliged to leave on account of his health. Re- 
turning home he remained there until his energies 
were recruited, when he entered the office of Stewart 
& Edwards at Springfield, Illinois, and commenced 
the study of law, using many of the same books that 
were used by Abraham Lincoln twenty years before. 
In a short time he was admitted to practice, and was 

17s 



I 76 UNITED STATES SENATORS. 

immediately thereafter elected city attorney of Spring- 
field, which office he held for one year, and then 
returned to the practice of law. In 1856 he was 
placed on the electoral ticket for Fillmore, and was 
also nominated by the Fillmore and Fremont parties 
for the state legislature, and was elected to the latter 
position. At the meeting of the legislature he was 
voted for by the Fillmore adherents for speaker of 
the house. In i860 he was again elected to the legis- 
lature from Sangamon county, and was then chosen 
to fill the office of speaker. In 1862 he was appointed 
by President Lincoln on a commission with Governor 
Boutwell of Massachusetts and Charles A. Dana, 
afterwards assistant secretary of war, to proceed to 
Cairo, Illinois, for the purpose of examining into the 
accounts and transactions of quartermasters and com- 
missary officers, and to pass upon claims allowed by 
them against the government. The same year Mr. 
Cullom was a candidate for the state senate and for 
a seat in the constitutional convention, in a demo- 
cratic district, and was defeated. In 1864 ne was nom- 
inated by the union republican party of his district 
for congress, and although the district at the last 
previous election had been democratic by about fif- 
teen hundred majority, yet he was elected by a 
majority of seventeen hundred, thus defeating Hon. 
John Stewart, one of the gentlemen with whom Mr. 
Cullom had studied law. His first speech in congress 
was in reply to Mr. Harding of Kentucky, who had 
spoken against the conduct of the war, and among 



UNITED STATES SENATORS. I 77 

other things had said " it was time that a little posing 
was done." Mr. Cullom defended the union party in 
a strong and vigorous speech that won him favor 
from the beginning. At the end of his first term he 
was re-nominated by his party, and was re-elected by 
more than double his first majority. He continued in 
the lower house by re-elections until 1871. During 
his third term he served as chairman of the committee 
on territories, conducted an investigation into the 
question of polygamy in Utah, and secured the pas- 
sage of a bill for the extirpation of polygamy, which 
failed to come to a vote in the senate. In 1872 he 
returned to the Illinois house of representatives, and 
was elected speaker in 1873, and in 1874 served 
another term in the legislature. He was a delegate 
to the national republican convention in 1868, and at 
Philadelphia, as chairman of the Illinois delegation, 
placed General Grant in nomination for the presi- 
dency in 1872. He was also a delegate to the national 
convention in 1884, and had the pleasure of nominat- 
ing Gen. John A. Logan. 

In 1876 he was elected governor of Illinois, de- 
feating Lewis Stewart, the candidate of the farmers 
and democrats combined. He was re-elected in 1880, 
serving as governor from January 8, 1877, to February 
5, 1883, when he resigned the position, having been 
chosen United States senator, as a republican, to suc- 
ceed Hon. David Davis, independent democrat, for the 
term expiring March 3, 1889, at the expiration of which 
time he was re-electedfor the term ending March 3, 1 895. 



I 78 UNITED STATES SENATORS. 

Senator Cullom has been prominently connected 
with the question of railroad regulation. As speaker 
of the Illinois house of representatives he appointed 
the committee that drafted the stringent railroad law 
of Illinois, which was the first state to take action on 
this subject. During his six years as governor it be- 
came his duty to appoint the Illinois railroad and 
warehouse commissioners and to see that they se- 
cured the enforcement of the law, which was sustained 
by the courts and practically put into operation dur- 
ing his administration. 

As senator he has been zealous and active in 
endeavoring to secure national legislation upon the 
same subject, and in 1885, as chairman of the senate 
committee on inter-state commerce, conducted an 
investigation into the question of the regulation of 
railroad corporations by national legislation. His 
report upon the subject, submitted to the senate Jan- 
uary 16, 1886, is an elaborate review of the whole 
subject, and it attracted attention at home and abroad, 
and finally resulted in the passage of the present inter- 
state commerce law, which bears his name. 

In the senate Mr. Cullom has been chairman of the 
committee on inter-state commerce, and has served 
with ability and commendable zeal on the committees 
on commerce, engrossed bills, territories, transporta- 
tion routes to the seaboard, and on the select com- 
mittee to enquire into administrative service of the 
senate. 

In 1882 a law was passed to suspend for ten years 



UNITED STATES SENATORS. I 79 

the coming of Chinese laborers into the United States, 
the ten years expiring in May, 1892. Owing to this 
fact, Senator Cullom early in the Fifty-second con- 
gress introduced a bill similar to the law of 1882. 
His bill proposes to suspend the coming of Chinese 
laborers into the United States, and provides that for 
ten years after the passage of the act no Chinese 
laborer, skilled or unskilled, shall be permitted to 
remain in the United States, and none shall be allowed 
to enter. Every Chinese person, other than a laborer, 
who may desire to enter the United States, must pre- 
sent a certificate issued by the Chinese government 
showing his title or rank, if any, his height, age and 
physical peculiarities, his individual, family and tribal 
name, and his residence and occupation, business or 
profession. The certificate must also show that he is 
entitled to enter the United States under the provis- 
ions of the treaty of November 17, 1880. This cer- 
tificate must be endorsed by the consular representa- 
tive of the United States at the port from which the 
person sailed. This act, says the bill, shall apply to 
all persons of the Chinese race, whether subjects of 
China or other foreign powers, excepting Chinese 
diplomatic or consular officers and their attendants. 
Provision is also made for a rigid system of inspec- 
tion at the various ports of the United States and 
punishment may be inflicted upon any person aiding 
Chinese to enter the United States or remain within 
its borders, the penalty being a fine of one thousand 
dollars and imprisonment for one year. Such Chi- 



l8o UNITED STATES SENATORS. 

nese as may be in the United States at the time of 
the passage of the act must secure a certificate within 
ninety days. Those who have no certificates at the 
end of that period shall be transported to China at 
the cost of the United States. — Such is Mr. Cullom's 
latest important measure. 

The private life of Senator Cullom is a model of 
uprightness. In his home, in his office, in all his 
relations to the public, he is always the same court- 
eous gentleman. 

His habits are simple, and, like his colleage, he 
detests pretense or ostentation. 

For over thirty years he has been in public life, and 
the people have advanced him step by step from city 
attorney to United States senator. He may go higher. 

Mr. Cullom has been twice married ; first to Miss 
Hannah M. Fisher, on December 12, 1855. From 
this union two daughters were born — both of whom 
are now married. His first wife having died, he was 
married to her sister, Miss Julia Fisher, May 5, 1863. 
Mrs. Cullom and two daughters reside with the sena- 
tor at Washingtan during the sessions of the senate. 
Their home is at Springfield, Illinois. 




S* 



DANIEL W. VOORHEES. 



DANIEL WOLSEY VOORHEES. 



UNITED STATES SENATOR FROM INDIANA. 



Daniel Wolsey Voorhees, of Terre Haute, Indiana, 
is a lineal, and direct decendant in the male line, and 
in the seventh degree, from Steven Coerte Van Voor- 
hees, who emigrated from the Province of Drenthe, 
Holland, in the ship " Bontekoe," and settled on Long 
Island, New York, in 1660. This emigrant ancestor 
of the Voorhees family in America was born in Hol- 
land at the village of Hees, in the year 1600, and was 
consequently sixty years of age when he and his chil- 
dren and grand children landed in New York. It is 
stated in the geneological records, which have been 
carefully preserved, that " he purchased, November 
29th, 1660, from Cornelius Dircksen Hoogland, nine 
morgens of corn land, seven morgens of wood land, 
ten morgens of plain land, and five morgens of salt 
meadow, in Flatlands, Long Island, for 3,000 guilders; 
also the house and houseplot lying in the village of 
Amesfoort en Bergen, (Flatlands), with the brewery 
and all the brewing apparatus, kettle house and casks 

183 



184 UNITED STATES SENATORS. 

with the appurtenances as per page thirty-seven of liber 
B of Flatbush Records." He became a magistrate 
there, and a citizen of prominent local standing, as is 
shown by an official paper still extant speaking of him 
as "the worshipful Steven Coerte Van Voorhees, 
seventy-nine years old." He died February, 1684, 
leaving numerous decendants in this country, and 
some who remained in Holland. His fourth son was 
Lucasse Stevense Van Voorhees, whose second son 
was Jan Lucasse Van Voorhees, whose sixth son was 
Petrus Van Voorhees, whose third son was Stephen 
Voorhees, whose third son was Peter Voorhees, whose 
eldest son was Stephen Voorhees, the father of the 
senator from Indiana. Every name in the order of 
descent has been carefully kept in its place and is of 
easy reference. The marriage records also show that 
throughout six generations of this family in this 
country no male member of it ever made a domestic 
alliance outside of the blood of the old Dutch repub- 
lic. The senator's father was a Hollander of pure 
blood ; not a cross having taken place in the Dutch 
geneology prior to his birth. The female names 
brought by marriage into the family are such as Van 
Dyke, Van Duyckhuysen, Van Noortstrand, Van 
Arsdale, and others of like significance. Senator 
Voorhees is himself a member of the Holland society, 
of New York, by virtue of his unbroken paternal Hol- 
land descent. Immediately upon the close of the 
revolution, Peter Voorhees went west from New 
Jersey and settled at Harrodsburg, Kentucky, where 



UNITED STATES SENATORS. I 85 

in 1 796 he married, and where Stephen Voorhees, the 
father of Senator Voorhees, was born April 16, 1798. 
The marriage of Stephen Voorhees, in February, 
1822, to Rachel Elliott, the mother of the senator, 
was the first matrimonial alliance made by one of 
the male descendants of Steven Coerte Van Voorhees 
outside of the Dutch line. Rachel Elliott was born 
January 15, 1802, in Baltimore county, Maryland, of 
Scotch ancestry, and of a family noted for strength 
of character, brilliancy of thought, and gifts of speech. 
She was herself a woman of very superior intellect, 
endowed with all the graces of a most benevolent and 
unselfish heart, and a handsome and accomplished 
person. She died at the old homestead in Fountain 
county, Indiana, as late as January 31, 1891. 

We find from the record that the subject of this 
sketch was born in Butler county, Ohio, September 
26, 1827, but was carried a few months later by his 
pioneer parents into the almost unbroken wilderness 
of the Wabash Valley. There, in Fountain county, 
Indiana, the senator's father, a man of great energy 
and force of character, as well as of superior intelli- 
gence, purchased and opened a farm of about seven 
hundred acres, much the larger portion of which is 
still owned and cultivated by one of the senator's 
brothers. In his youth Senator Voorhees was trained 
and made skillful in every branch of farm labor and 
his sympathies are always active and accute in behalf 
of the people in whose ranks he was born and whose 
ways of life and methods of thought and action he so 



1 86 UNITED STATES SENATORS. 

well understands. Until nearly seventeen years of 
age he had simply the advantages of neighborhood 
winter schools. At that period, however, his parents 
sent him to the Indiana Asbury university, (now De 
Pauw) at Greencastle, Indiana. There he remained four 
years and graduated in 1849 with a good college 
record. In recent years the De Pauw university has 
honored him with the title of LL. D. 

The public career of Senator Voorhees is well known 
and calls for but brief mention. As a young lawyer 
he had the usual struggles and discouragements, but 
he always loved his profession, and to this day enjoys 
"courthouse contests" better than any other. The 
reason for this may be that he has done better work 
there than anywhere else. Such in fact is his own 
opinion. There is an error, however, in the public 
mind in regard to his career and standing as a lawyer. 
The fact that he has at different times appeared for 
the defense in criminal cases of great and sensational 
interest has led many to suppose that his principal 
prominence in the profession was in business of that 
kind. Nothing could be more erroneous. When, on 
a recent occasion, a gentleman attempted to compli- 
ment him on his success as a criminal lawyer he re- 
plied: "You are mistaken. I am not a criminal 
lawyer at all. I know nothing of the criminal classes, 
and never allow them to come near me. I have been 
called on a few times in my life to defend gentlemen 
who have been compelled in defense of their homes, 
their families, or themselves to kill their ruthless and 



UNITED STATES SENATORS. 187 

lawless assailants. I never defend criminals." Very 
soon after coming to the bar, and at an early age in 
life, Mr. Voorhees, although living on the Indiana side 
of the line between Indiana and Illinois, was thrown 
into a full practice in the eastern counties of Illinois, 
and for nearly ten years tried cases before David 
Davis, with Abraham Lincoln, Stephen Logan, 
Leonard Swett, Oliver L. Davis, and others of great 
note as his associates, or opponents, but always as his 
kind, courteous, and instructive friends. In the courts 
of Indiana he had to measure himself from the start 
both as an advocate and a lawyer with Hannegan, 
Lane, Zebulon Baird, Pettit, McDonald, McGaughey, 
Gregory, Huff, John P. Usher, Thomas A. Hendricks, 
the Walpoles, Hughes, Dunham, Hugh O'Neal, and 
many others, all older than himself, and all well 
trained and powerful legal combatants. In 1853, Mr. 
Voorhees was appointed state prosecutor for his cir- 
cuit, and in May, 1858, he was appointed by President 
Buchanan United States district attorney for Indiana. 
The latter position he held in November, 1859, when 
he defended John E. Cook at Harper' Ferry for par- 
ticipating in the John Brown raid, and it was predicted 
by many of his best friends that he would be removed 
from office on the ground that his appearance in that 
case was inconsistent with his official relations to the 
government. On the contrary, however, Mr. Buchanan 
sent for him and personally complimented him on the 
course he had pursued. 

In i860, after a hard contest, and in a failing year 



I 88 UNITED STATES SENATORS. 

for his party, Mr. Voorhees was elected to congress 
from the Terre Haute, Indiana, district, and has been 
in political life almost constantly from that time to 
the present. His course on public questions has been 
so pronounced, and is so well known, that but little, if 
anything, need be said in regard to it here. One fact, 
however, may be remarked, showing the strong and 
unusual hold he has always had on the confidence of 
his own party in Indiana. He has received seven 
nominations for the house of representatives, and five 
commissions as a senator and never had even nominal 
opposition in any nominating convention, or legisla- 
tive caucus of the democratic party. It may also 
be stated that he has been elected a senator from 
Indiana oftener, and for a greater number of years, 
and by larger majorities than any other man of any 
party in the entire history of the state. 

His present term of service will expire March 3, 
1897. 




DAVID TURPIE. 



DAVID TURPIE. 



UNITED STATES SENATOR FROM INDIANA. 



David Turpie was born in Hamilton county, Ohio, 
July 8, 1829. He is of Scotch descent, and the son of 
a carpenter. In early life he formed the habits of 
industry and study that were the foundation on which 
he has built the monument of a successful life. He 
attended the common schools of his boyhood, but not 
content with the studies pursued in them, when but a 
lad he asked a friend of the family to teach him Latin. 
In the study of this ancient language he proved so 
apt a scholar that Greek was next essayed, and the 
friend records that young Turpie " literally devoured " 
the Greek and Latin classics in his library and at 
about the same time the "Universal History" in 
twenty octavo volumes. He entered Kenyon college, 
and was graduated therefrom in 1848 at the age of 
nineteen. He resided for a time at Monticello, White 
county, Indiana, and then removed to Logansport in 
the same state, where he studied law and was ad- 
10 191 



192 



UNITED STATES SENATORS. 



mitted to the bar in 1849. Here he began the prac- 
tice of his profession, and here he resided for many 
years before removing to Indianapolis, his present 

home. 

He was a member of the state legislature in 1853, 
and was appointed by Governor Wright, whom he 
afterward succeeded in the United States senate, — 
judge of the court of common pleas in 1854, at the 
age of twenty-five, and was judge of the circuit court 
in 1856, both of which offices he resigned. He was 
again a member of the state house of representa- 
tives of Indiana in 1858, and in 1863 was elected 
United States senator for the unexpired term of Jesse 
D. Bright, who was expelled, and immediately suc- 
ceeded Joseph A. Wright, who had been appointed by 
the governor until the state legislature should meet. 
Judge Turpie was but thirty-four years of age at the 
time of his election to the senate. In 1866 and again 
in 1868 he was the nominee of his party for a seat in 
the national house of representatives, but was defeated. 
Having removed to Indianapolis he was elected from 
Marion county a member of the house of representa- 
tives of the general assembly of Indiana, and served 
as speaker of that body in 1874 and 1875, making an 
ideal presiding officer. The legislature at that time 
met in the Marion county court house, as the present 
two-million-dollar state house was in course of 
erection. In 1878 Mr. Turpie was appointed one of 
the three commissioners to revise the laws of Indiana, 
serving as such for three years. In August, 1886, he 



UNITED STATES SENATORS. 193 

was appointed by President Cleveland United States 
district attorney for the state of Indiana, and served 
as such until March 3, 1887. He was elected United 
States senator as a democrat February 2, 1887, to 
succeed Benjamin Harrison, receiving seventy-six 
votes to that gentleman's seventy-one votes, and took 
his seat March 4, 1887, for the term expiring March 
3, 1893. He was a delegate at large to the national 
democratic convention at St. Louis in 1888. 

In the senate Judge Turpie has served on the com- 
mittees on census, pensions, privileges and elections, 
transportation routes to the seaboard, and on the select 
committees on Indian depredations, and the presi- 
dent's message transmitting report of the Pacific rail- 
way commission. 

At the beginning of the Fifty-second congress Sen- 
ator Turpie introduced a joint resolution proposing 
an amendment to the constitution providing for the 
election of United States senators by a direct vote of 
the people of the several states, in support of which 
he delivered a very able speech, which was read and 
appreciated throughout the country. 

In Indiana Judge Turpie is looked upon as an able 
leader and a wise counselor. In person he is com- 
manding in figure and impressess the observer with 
the idea of his decisive character and capacity. He 
is a forcible and logical public speaker and splendid 
political organizer. The laws of Indiana will long 
bear the impress of the learning and labor which he 
bestowed in their revision as a member of the com- 



JQ4 UNITED STATES SENATORS. 

mission of 1878. His experience as a law-maker, and 
judge, and United States senator covers a period of 
nearly forty years, and the intervals in which he was 
not in the public service have been given to the suc- 
cessful practice of his profession. He has fine legal 
attainments, is scholarly in his tastes, and is modest, 
unassuming, and thoroughly democratic in his inter- 
course and social life. 

Judge Turpie has been twice married, and twice be- 
reaved. He resides in a splendid, well-ordered man- 
sion in Indianapolis, of which home his daughter has 
charge. She also has charge of his Washington home 
during" the sessions of the senate. 




WM. B. ALLISON. 



WILLIAM BOYD ALLISON. 



UNITED STATES SENATOR FROM IOWA. 



William B. Allison was born in Perry, Wayne 
county, Ohio, March 2, 1829, his parents being John 
and Margaret Allison. His mother's maiden name 
was Williams. His youth was spent in aiding his 
father to cultivate a farm, and in attending the com- 
mon schools a few months each year. His early man- 
hood was devoted to studies in Alleghaney college at 
Meadville, Pennsylvania, where he progressed very 
rapidly. He subsequently attended the Western Re- 
serve college at Hudson, Ohio. After leaving college 
he commenced the study of law at Wooster, Ohio, in 
1850, and was admitted to the bar in Wayne county 
two years later. He began the practice of his pro- 
fession at Ashland, Ohio, and in the year 1857 re- 
moved to Dubuque, Iowa, which city has since been 
his home. Mr. Allison applied himself closely to his 
profession, and in a comparatively short time built up 
a large and desirable as well as lucrative practice. 

197 



I98 UNITED STATES SENATORS. 

He immediately identified himself with every local 
enterprise tending to further the interests of Dubuque 
and the state, and became almost from the start a 
leader in more than one important movement. 
Enterprising himself, he lent confidence to others, and 
his influence was beneficial in the development of the 
country. 

His first entrance into public life was as a delegate 
to the national republican convention in i860. When 
the war of the rebellion broke out in 1861, Mr. Alli- 
son was appointed on the staff of Governor Kirk- 
wood as one of his aides and rendered valuable ser- 
vice to his country in raising troops for the war. He 
continued to act in this position with great efficiency 
until 1862, when he was elected by the union party to 
the Thirty-eighth congress. He was re-elected three 
times, serving in all eight years in the lower house, 
from December 7, 1863, to March 3, 1871. He was 
but thirty-three years of age when first elected to con- 
gress, and he entered that body in the darkest hours 
of the political history of the country since independ- 
ence was gained, and vigorously supported every 
measure for suppressing the rebellion and took 
advanced grounds on the methods for accomplishing 
that end. He was one of the hopeful members of the 
house of representatives and believed the rebellion 
would be crushed as soon as the government guar- 
anteed "all the privileges of religion, of family, of 
property, and of liberty " to all the people. During 
the first two years that he was a member of congress 



UNITED STATES SENATORS. 1 99 

he introduced a bill for the improvement of the Mis- 
sissippi river, and had the satisfaction of seeing the 
measure succeed, he being one of its ablest and most 
earnest supporters. It was through his influence that 
the land grant was secured for the railroad leading 
west from McGregor, Iowa. While in congress he 
had the pleasure of voting for all the constitutional 
amendments after the war, and earnestly supported 
every republican measure, such as the civil rights bill 
and the freedman's bureau bill. During the last six 
years that he was in the lower house he was on the 
committee of ways and means, and showed by his 
efficiency the wisdom of the selection. He did him- 
self much credit, and at the close of each session of 
congress stood higher with his constituents and fellow 
members than at the first. His speeches were pre- 
pared with much care, have great logical strength, and 
some of them have been much sought for and have 
been widely circulated. 

On leaving Washington in March, 1871, Mr. Allison 
returned to his home in Iowa and aided in pushing to 
successful result several enterprises of local impor- 
tance. 

But the people of Iowa were not yet done with his 
services, and in January, 1873, he was elected to the 
United States senate as a republican, succeeding Hon. 
James Harlan in that body. He took his seat in 
March following his election, and at the expiration of 
his term he was re-elected. In 1885 he was again re- 
elected, and again in 1891, the latter term to expire 



200 UNITED STATES SENATORS. 

March 3, 1897. In the upper house he has proved 
himself an indefatigable worker, and has done good 
service on the committees on appropriations, pensions 
Indian affairs, and congressional library. In the sum- 
mer of 1875 ne was appointed one of the commis- 
sioners to negotiate with the Sioux Indians for the 
sale of the Black Hills, but the attempts were a fail- 
ure. He has always acted with the republican party, 
and in Iowa has been one of its most prominent, 
trusted, and effective leaders. In 1888 he was sup- 
ported in the national republican convention for the 
presidency, and was the choice of many of the ablest 
men in the country. 

He is a candid and persuasive speaker. In his ora- 
torical efforts he appeals to the judgment and reason- 
ing powers rather than the passions, and leaves an 
excellent impression on the mind. His bearing is 
such that he commands the highest respect of political 
opponents. His social qualities are admirable, and 
his moral character irreproachable. 

Senator Allison was married June 5, 1873, to Miss 
Mary Nealley of Burlington, Iowa. He attends the 
Presbyterian church. 




JAMES F. WILSON. 



JAMES FALCONER WILSON. 



UNITED STATES SENATOR FROM IOWA. 



Hon. James F. Wilson is one of the able men who 
have represented Iowa in the senate of the United 
States. His career can be no less than an inspiration 
to the humblest and most ambitious American youth. 
From a harness-maker's bench to a seat in the highest 
deliberative body of the foremost nation on earth is 
the measure here between possibility and accomplished 
fact. He belongs to the group whom the world de- 
lights to honor with the magic title, "self-made men.'' 
James F. Wilson was born in Newark, Ohio, on the 
19th day of October, 1828, being the eldest of three 
children of David S. and Kitty Ann Wilson, who were 
married in Newark, the former being a native of 
Morganstown, Virginia, and the latter of Chillicothe, 
Ohio. His parents, while poor, were worthy Christian 
people, both being active and esteemed members of the 
Methodist Episcopal church. David S. Wilson died 
in Newark, Ohio, in 1839; the mother's death occurred 
in Fairfield, Iowa, January 28th, 1875. 

Upon the death of his father, this son, then only ten 
years of age, became the sure and strong reliance of 
his mother, younger brother and sister for support. 
For a term of years he was apprenticed to the harness- 



203 



204 UNITED STATES SENATORS. 

making trade, but found the time, principally through 
his own efforts sustained by private recitations to 
certain immediate personal friends, to acquire a fair 
education and including the knowledge of the Latin 
language. He early formed the determination to be- 
come a lawyer. This purpose becoming known to 
William B. Woods, then a member of the bar of his 
native town and late an associate justice of the 
supreme court of the United States, he placed at the 
command of the aspiring youth the necessary books 
and voluntarily became his legal preceptor. Thus did 
the apprentice of a harness-maker gain a somewhat 
liberal education and orow into a knowledge of the 
law, rendering possible a remarkably successful pro- 
fessional and political career. 

In 1 85 1, he was duly admitted to the bar of his 
native county and continued in the practice thereat 
for upwards of a year and a half. On the 25th day 
of November, 1852, he was married to Mary A. K. 
Jewett, of Newark, Ohio, the second daughter of 
Alpheus and Aletha Jewett. The newly married pair 
set out immediately to plant a new home in the then 
little known and far west. They proceeded first by 
water to St. Louis, then up the Mississippi to Burling- 
ton and from thence by stage to Fairfield, Jefferson 
county, Iowa, where they located and have since re- 
sided. 

Mr. Wilson at once commenced the practice of law, 
nor was he long in commanding recognition as an 
able, conscientious and successful lawyer. He rapidly 



UNITED STATES SENATORS. 205 

acquired a most flattering business and soon stood in 
the front rank of his chosen profession. But it was 
not as a lawyer trying cases in state and federal 
courts, wherein he was destined to attain the full 
measure of his success and prominence. However 
certain or choice would have been the promotions 
accorded him within the narrower limits of his pro- 
fession, they could not have been more satisfactory to 
himself, or useful to the public, than have been those 
resulting from his pre-eminent services in the broader 
field of state and national organic, as well as statutory 
law-making. 

In his early days amid fast accumulating profes- 
sional duties, he found time to write the leading 
editorials of his party's local paper. His rare ability 
thus displayed in dealing with political questions, then 
in a formative state, won for him an abiding confidence 
in the integrity of his political thought and actions 
that has followed him closely throughout his extended 
public career. 

In 1856 it was deemed wise to revise the state's 
constitution. A convention was duly convened with 
this purpose in view. Mr. Wilson, then only three 
years resident in the state, was chosen to attend this 
constitutional convention and was next to the young- 
est of its members. Young in years, perhaps, yet his 
associates soon found him old in resources that make 
men valuable in such bodies. The record of its pro- 
ceedings abounds in the wisdom of his selection and 
reveals the marked ability with which he performed his 



206 UNITED STATES SENATORS. 

part of the great work of constitutional revision. As 
the state's constitution was then and there recast it 
stands to this day, without serious change or modifi- 
cation, and the mental, moral and material environ- 
ments of this great commonwealth are the best evi- 
dence of its fostering care and concernment for the 
" life, liberty and pursuit of happiness" of its people. 
The governor of Iowa in 1857 appointed Mr. Wilson 
as assistant commissioner of the DesMoines River 
improvement, then a matter of chiefest concern to the 
people of the state. Later in the same year he was 
elected as a republican to the lower house of the 
general assembly of Iowa and during his term was 
chairman of the committee on ways and means. In 
1859, promotion followed in his election to the state 
senate, and here again he rendered most valuable 
service, during the first year of his term as a member 
of the judiciary committee through whose hands 
passed for final inspection a then recent recompilation 
of the laws of Iowa, afterwards and now more familiarly 
known as the revision of i860. During his second 
year in the state senate he served as president of that 
body. 

Possessed of great natural ability as a writer and 
speaker, well disciplined in the law, familiar with par- 
liamentary rules and usage, painstaking to a degree, 
unsurpassed in every undertaking, and with it all 
patriotic to the core, Mr. Wilson was elected as a re- 
publican representative in congress for the unexpired 
term of General Samuel R. Curtis ; was re-elected, 



UNITED STATES SENATORS. 20/ 

without having met with any opposition in nominating- 
conventions, to the Thirty-eighth, Thirty-ninth and 
Fortieth congresses, serving from December 2, 1861 to 
March 3, 1869, his retirement in the latter year made 
possible only through his positive and repeated declin- 
ation of further renomination. On his entrance into 
congress he divided with one other the sole responsi- 
bility of representing the state of Iowa in the house 
of representatives. 

The labor performed in the form of committee work 
is universally recognized as "a fair test of any man's 
zeal, industry and influence in any legislative body." 
Without regard then to Mr. Wilson's conceded power as 
an advocate, his logic and oft times eloquence in the 
arena of debate, and simply applying to him this fair 
test of legislative usefulness and fidelity, it will be 
found that, while he may have equals, he has no su- 
periors in this present regard among all his able con- 
temporaries. A hard worker at a mechanical trade 
at twenty-one, chairman of the judiciary committee of 
the American house of representatives at thirty-three, 
is tribute enough to the man and his talents and an 
equally splendid one to the absolute freedom of aspira- 
tion and achievement accorded the single individual 
under our matchless republican institutions. Mr. 
Wilson was, perhaps, the youngest man ever assigned 
to this important committee, yet he served thereon 
throughout his entire service in the house and during 
the last six years, as already indicated, was its honored 
chairman. This committee on account of prevailing 



208 UNITED STATES SENATORS. 

civil war, the consequent conflicts arising between 
constitution and statutes and which was only intensi- 
fied by the suppression of the rebellion and the in- 
trusion upon congressional action of a perfect multi- 
tude of perplexing legal questions attendant upon the 
reconstruction of erring states, was forced into a con- 
trolling rank and a conspicuous responsibility un- 
known before or since. It was a severe test to any 
man, however ripe in years or special acquirement, 
but when applied it found in Mr. Wilson an all suffi- 
cient conscience and capacity. "That he remained 
uninterruptedly at its head and no measure favorably 
reported upon by him from this committee failed in 
the house is the best assurance of the confidence 
placed by congress in his work." 

Mr. Wilson made his debut in congress by the in- 
troduction, in December, 1861, of a resolution to in- 
struct the committee on military affairs to report an 
additional article of war prohibiting the use of the 
United States forces to return fugitive slaves ; on 
December 7th, 1863, being the first day of the session 
of the Thirty-eighth congress, he gave notice of his 
intention to introduce a joint resolution for an amend- 
ment to the constitution abolishing slavery. This was 
the first notice looking to that end ever given in the 
congress of the United States. Shortly after he re- 
ported the resolution from the judiciary committee 
and brought on one of the most memorable parlia- 
mentary struggles of those stirring times, and its final 
passage was largely due to the speech delivered by 



UNITED STATES SENATORS. 200. 

him on that occasion, considered "one of his ablest 
and most effective efforts." Early in the first session 
of the Thirty-ninth congress, he reported from the 
judiciary committee a joint resolution proposing an 
amendment to the constitution to forever forbid the 
payment of any portion of the rebel debt. He material- 
ly aided its passage in the house, and while the senate 
neglected to take concurrent action upon it, its purpose 
found substantial fulfillment in a subsequent provision 
of the fourteenth constitutional amendment. Among 
the bills favorably reported by him from the same com- 
mittee and in whose final passage he was a most potent 
factor, was one providing for the enfranchisement ot 
the colored people of the District of Columbia ; an- 
other giving freedom to the wives and children of the 
colored union soldiers, and then the great civil rights 
bill. Mr. Wilson has always commanded a host of 
ardent admirers, and one of the several claims they 
confidently assert is that he stands with few, if any, 
rivals in early and zealous contention in legislative 
halls for the abolition of human slavery and the 
granting to all men equal rights before the law. This 
claim it would seem has an enduring foundation. Be- 
fore ever entering congress he had been persistently 
waging war on the retention of the word "white" in 
the constitution of his adopted state, nor did he desist 
until he saw it finally eliminated and a standard of citi- 
zenship established in both federal and state laws, such 
as to use the form of one of his utterances in debate, 
"that no person can tell from the reading of them 



2IO UNITED STATES SENATORS. 



what color is stamped upon the faces of the citizens of 
the United States." 

Not among the least distinguished of his labors in 
the lower house of congress were those performed in 
matters relative to the famous impeachment proceed- 
ings against the president of the United States. Dur- 
ing the second session of the Thirty-ninth congress 
the subject was referred to the judiciary committee 
and consideration of it was resumed in the Fortieth 
congress. The result was the presentation from the 
committee of minority and majority reports. Mr. 
Wilson was with the minority and in its behalf re- 
ported against the proposed impeachment. The fact 
that, after an extraordinary and exciting debate, he 
carried his proposition through the house is indicative 
of his personal influence, as well as corroborative of 
that degree of confidence reposed in him by his associ- 
ates in all matters with which he and they were com- 
pelled to deal. In an interesting volume, called the 
"Fortieth Congress," Mr. Wilson's connection with the 
impeachment question is thus forcibly set forth : 

"He went to the examination of this case with the 
prevailing ideas with regard to the law and the practice 
in cases of impeachment — that the power to impeach is 
a vast, vague, almost illimitable prerogative resting sub- 
substantially alone in the judgment of the senate as to 
the character of the offensive acts and the exigencies 
of the public welfare. The known deeds of the excu- 
tive led him to anticipate the necessity of reporting in 
favor of impeachment, and he was not inclined to sus- 



UNITED STATES SENATORS. 2 I I 

pect the legal power to meet the admitted acts by the 
extreme remedy of the constitution. But the careful 
study of the law and history of impeachments which 
the occasion imposed upon him, forced him to the 
conclusion that, at least under our constitution, no 
federal officer could be impeached for any offense 
which was not named in the constitution, or which was 
not a criminal offense under the laws of congress. 
No such offense was shown. In support of his views, 
he comprised in his report a careful but succinct re- 
view of every important case of impeachment in the 
British parliament, and of every case brought before 
the senate of the United Sates, with an elucidation of 
the law and practice under both governments, which 
forms an interesting and valuable treatise for the 
jurist and the historian. The report comprised also 
a summary of all the evidence bearing upon every 
charge made against the president, and a considera- 
tion of the character of each specific charge. 

"When the subject came a second time before the 
house on new charges, Mr. Wilson was one of the 
most prompt and decided of those who demanded the 
impeachment of the president. In this instance, in his 
judgment, there was no doubt about the power and 
duty of congress. In his view, a penal enactment of 
congress had been violated, clearly, knowingly, in- 
tentionally, defiantly. He was made one of the mana- 
gers appointed by the house to carry the articles of 
impeachment that were found against the president 

before the senate, and to prosecute them there, and to 
ii 



2 i 2 UNITED STATES SENATORS. 

that prosecution he gave his best and most active 
efforts." 

Mr. Wilson retired from congress as General Grant 
entered upon his first presidential term. The presi- 
dent tendered him the the position of secretary of 
state, and then again the choice of two other cabinet 
appointments. Strong as the influences were that 
seemed conspiring to break or bend his resolve to 
quit public life long enough at least to mend his 
private fortune, the better to superintend the affairs 
of home and eive a safer care to the education of his 
children, they were powerless to change the hour or 
the order of his going. The twelve intervening years 
were busy ones to Mr. Wilson, and they found him 
pursuing principally those private ends whose needs 
ot his closer attention had been so potential with him. 
While seldom if ever again appearing in local courts, 
his wise counsel and professional services were sought 
by imperilled interests far and wide and his presence 
became familiar in the highest state and federal tri- 
bunals. Nor was it possible for him in those days to 
be unmindful of the debt of gratitude he was under 
to the great political organization that had opened up 
to him his public opportunities. His wisdom and po- 
litical sagacity, were ever present in its conventions, 
clearly shown forth in most of its state platforms, and 
his voice was never more eloquent than when raised 
in advocacy of the principles thus proclaimed and 
submitted for popular approval at the polls. 

His only official service in this interval was rendered 



UNITED STATES SENATORS. 2 1 3 

as a orovernment director of the Union Pacific rail- 
road, to which position he was assigned by President 
Grant, and continued to discharge its duties for eight 
years. He wrote all the reports made to the secretary 
of the interior by the government directory during his 
connection therewith and thereby furnished much ac- 
curate knowledge to the department concerning the 
interests involved, supplemented with wholesome 
recommendations as to needful legislation. 

In 1 88 1 Mr. Wilson determined to re-enter public 
life and submitted to the people of Iowa his candidacy 
for a seat in the United States senate. His manner 
and method of conducting his campaign for this high 
position was as exceptional as it proved in the end to 
be effective. It discarded adverse criticism or per- 
sonal abuse of opponents and confined itself rather to 
a process of public education. " Mr. Wilson delivered 
eight written addresses on subjects of deep interest to 
the people, on topics scientific, literary, theological, 
historical and political. The character of these ad- 
dresses suggested thorough study, deep research and 
a broad and diversified knowledge that enlightened 
the people of Iowa as to the capabilities of the man and 
won for him a seat in the United States senate without 
opposition." He took his seat in the senate on March 
4th, 1883, and was re-elected thereto in 1888; his 
second term will expire on the 3rd of March, 1895. 
At the time of re-election he gave public notice of his 
intention to permanently retire from public life, if 
spared to fill out the term to which he was then ac- 



2L4 UNITED STATES SENATORS. 

knowledging an election. None knowing the man 
misunderstood or stopped to question the sincerity of 
this declaration. 

In the senate Mr. Wilson has served on the follow- 
ing committees : Revision of laws, foreign relations, 
postoffice and post roads, pensions, education and 
labor, census, inter-state commerce and the judiciary. 
At this writing he is chairman of the committee on re- 
vision of laws and ranks second on the judiciary. His 
services in the senate have been marked by that same 
ability, industry and integrity that he has always dis- 
played in whatever public capacity called upon to act. 
In matters of constitutional law his judgment com- 
mands the highest deference. The several addresses 
he has delivered in this most conservative and digni- 
fied body have only added to his reputation as a 
broad, liberal minded statesman. 



^1 




WM. A. PEFFER. 



WILLIAM ALFRED PEFFER 



UNITED STATES SENATOR FROM KANSAS. 



William A. Peffer was born on a farm in Cumber- 
land county, Pennsylvania, on the ioth day of Sep- 
tember, 1 83 1. His education consisted of the train- 
ing received during winter months, between his seventh 
and fifteenth years, in an old fashioned country school 
house in the neighborhood. He early developed a 
habit of reading and study, and has retained it to 
this day. When but fifteen years old he held a teacher's 
certificate and was teaching a public school at sixteen 
dollars a month, boarding himself. His savings all 
went for books. He read while others slept. Teach- 
ing during the winter months, working on the farm 
the rest of the year, devoting every odd hour to his 
books, before he had turned his nineteenth year he 
had collected a library of over one hundred volumes ; 
was a ready debater in the local societies, and some 
of his communications had been published by the 
anti-slavery and temperance press. At the age of 

217 



2 1 8 UNITED STATES SENATORS. 

seventeen he was advised by friends to study law, and 
was offered a full collegiate course at Dickinson col- 
lege ; but he declined because of a suspicion he enter- 
tained that a successful lawyer could not be an honest 
man. He was married December 28, 1852, and the 
following June he removed to St. Joseph county, In- 
diana, purchased a piece of "thick woods" land, and 
began to clear out a farm there. The financial 
troubles of 1857 made a move prudent, and in March, 
1859, he went to southwest Missouri, purchased a farm 
in Morgan county, raised a crop of corn, and re- 
moved his family the following September. Here he 
distinguished himself by a union speech, delivered 
July 4, i860. The war unsettled everything in that 
part of Missouri, and although, by careful manage- 
ment and pinching economy, he and his wife had col- 
lected and saved enough property to pay out on the 
farm, when it became necessary, on account of his 
union sentiments, to retire from that part of the 
country, he was compelled to leave a large amount of 
farm produce, grain, hay, etc., and had barely money 
enough to pay for horse feed and ferriage on the way 
to Warren county, Illinois, where he arrived early in 
March, 1862, with a few articles of household goods 
in his wagon. He rented a farm, put out a large 
acreage of spring wheat, oats, corn, and potatoes, and 
August 6th, following, enlisted as a private in com- 
pany F, Eighty-third Illinois infantry; was commis- 
sioned second lieutenant May, 1863, and was after- 
wards kept on detached duty most of the time, 



UNITED STATES SENATORS. 2IQ. 

charged with responsible duties, his last position be- 
ing that of depot quartermaster in the engineer 
department at Nashville, handling all the engineer 
supplies for the military division of the Mississippi, 
under General Sherman. Without missing a day on 
furlough from the time of enlistment, he was honor- 
ably discharged June 26, 1S65, and was allowed thirty 
days by General Thomas to settle his business with 
the government. 

Having read law off hours during the last two years 
of his service, he opened a law office at Clarksville, 
Tennessee, where he was employed in some impor- 
tant cases involving constitutional questions growing 
out of the war. In all these he was eminently suc- 
cessful. He at once engaged actively in efforts to 
restore peace and good will among the people. By 
special invitation of union men in middle Tennessee, 
he delivered a number of public addresses in that 
region, counseling good neighborhood and obedi- 
ence to the law. These speeches bore good fruit in 
restoring confidence among the lately divided citi- 
zens. He took issue with the extreme radicalism of 
Governor Brownlow, and attempted the organization 
of a conservative union party, in harmony with 
the national republican party, based on a complete 
freedom of the people — free speech, free press, free 
schools, and free ballot for all. He volunteered to 
defend the constutionality of the new public school 
law ; he successfully maintained the legal liberty of 
all persons formerly held to bondage, and this simply 



2 20 UNITED STATES SENATORS. 

by act of war without the operation of law, and he 
successfully advocated the legality of common law 
marriages among slaves. 

Social and political conditions were such that, after 
a four years' residence there, real reconciliation 
seemed to be farther off rather than nearer, and early 
in 1870, at great sacrifice of property, he removed 
his family to Kansas, locating on a claim in Wilson 
county, where he began making a farm. He also 
opened a law and newspaper office at the county seat. 
The next year he secured the organization of farmers 
in a county agricultural society. In 1874 he was 
elected to the state senate, representing Wilson and 
Montgomery counties. His footprints may easily be 
traced in the legislation of the next two years. He 
was chairman of the joint committee on the centen- 
nial exposition which gave Kansas the best advertise- 
ment the state ever had. 

He was active in behalf of sufferers from the grass- 
hopper invasion. Caught in the financial crash of 
1873, he in 1875 removed to the adjoining county of 
Montgomery, where he established the Coffeyville 
Journal, and practiced law until 1878, when he aban- 
doned the law business, and has taken none since. In 
1880 he was one of the republican presidential elec- 
tors. He was employed, in 1881, as editor of the 
"Kansas Farmer," which position he held continuously 
until after his election to the United States senate. 
He virtually abandoned party politics with the elec- 
tion of President Garfield. From that time until 1888 



UNITED STATES SENATORS. 221 

he did not deliver more than half a dozen party 
speeches, and in them he confined himself to the tariff 
exclusively. 

Amone the first issues of the "Kansas Farmer" under 
his editorial management, the policy which he has 
steadily maintained ever since was foreshadowed — 
that of organization amoncr farmers for social and 
political purposes, free coinage of silver and gold, 
anti-monoply, opposition to national banks, low pro- 
tective tariff, prohibition, rural education, politicat 
action, etc. 

His transportation article, July, 1882, entitled "The 
Robbery of Kansas," was copied extensively in the 
agricultural press of the country. In 1883 he pub- 
lished a series of articles on the tariff, claiming that 
twenty per cent, average duty, properly adjusted, 
would afford all needed protection. In 1882 he com- 
mitted all the republican candidates for congress in 
Kansas to legislative control of railroad corporations. 
In 1883 he attempted the organization of a "farmers' 
movement," and called a meeting for that purpose, 
but the time was not ripe. In 1885 he advocated 
free coinage of silver, addressing the Kansas mem- 
bers of congress and senators especially on the sub- 
ject. In 1886 he began the study of the debt ques- 
tion, his researches resulting in a modification of his 
views concerning interest and the proper functions of 
money. His non-partisan " Tariff Manual " was pub- 
lished in 1888, and his little book, "The Way Out," 
came in 1889. His article, "The Farmers' Defensive 



22 2 UNITED STATES SENATORS. 

Movement," in the Forum, December, 1889, attracted 
general attention. In 1888 and 1889, by special in- 
vitation, he delivered many public addresses to farmers' 
assemblies. His first address to an alliance meeting 
was at McPherson, August, 1889; and during 1890 he 
delivered more than one hundred alliance addresses. 

The subject of this sketch has always been a tem- 
perate man; is now a prohibitionist. In politics he 
was republican from Fremont to Harrison. Is a mem- 
ber of the Protestant Episcopal church ; is a master 
mason, belongs to the knights of labor, and the 
farmers' alliance. 

Senator Peffer is six feet tall, weighs about 150 
pounds, in temperment is cheerful, in manners re- 
served and modest, and is courteous and respectful to 
all. He speakes deliberately, with force and great 
earnestnesss. He has a wife and eight children living, 
and two children deceased. 

In the Fifty-second congress Senator Peffer is a 
member of the committees on census, claims, on the 
examination of the several branches of the civil ser- 
vice, improvements of the Mississippi river and its 
tributaries, and railroads. 




HP 




BISHOP W. PERKINS 



BISHOP W. PERKINS. 



UNITED STATES SENATOR FROM KANSAS. 



Bishop W. Perkins was born in Rochester, Lorain 
county, Ohio, October 18, 1841. He received a com- 
mon school education, and for a short time attended 
the Knox academy at Galesburg, Knox county, Illi- 
nois. After leaving the academy he spent two years 
in Colorado, and then returned to Illinois and in 
July, 1862, enlisted in Company D, Eighty-third Illi- 
nois volunteer infantry and was chosen sergeant. He 
was soon promoted to adjutant, and for two years and 
six months was captain of the Sixteenth United States 
colored infantry. He served four years in the union 
army, and participated in some of the hardest fought 
battles of the war. He was mustered out of the ser- 
vice at Nashville, Tennessee, and returned to Illinois 
and entered the law office of O. C. Gray at Ottawa, 
La Salle county, where he pursued his studies until he 
was admitted to the bar in 1867, when he removed to 
Princeton, Indiana, and commenced the practice of his 
profession. He removed to Kansas in 1869 and 
settled in Oswego, Labette county, in the southern 
tier of counties in the state. The same year of his 
arrival he was appointed attorney for the county, and 

225 



2 26 UNITED STATES SENATORS. 

in 1870 was elected probate judge of the county, to 
which office he was re-elected in 1872, serving until 
February, 1873, when he was appointed judge of the 
Eleventh judicial district of Kansas; and in November 
of the same year was elected for the unexpired term. 
In November, 1874, he was re-elected, and was again 
re-elected in November, 1878, holding the office for 
nearly ten years, making a record pleasing to himself 
and satisfactory to his constituents. In 1882 he was 
elected as a republican to the Forty-eighth congress 
as a congressman for the state at large from Kansas, 
and was re-elected in the Third congressional district 
in 1884, 1886, and 1888, but was defeated in 1890 by 
B. H. Clover, who was the candidate of the farmers' 
alliance. On January i, 1892, Judge Perkins was ap- 
pointed by Governor Humphrey as United States 
senator from Kansas to fill the vacancy caused by the 
death of Senator Preston B. Plumb. 

Senator Perkins has always been a strong republi- 
can and has been prominent in the various campaigns 
in Kansas since he first became a citizen of the state. 
He is a thorough administration man, was opposed to 
the free silver bill in the Fifty-first congress, and was 
an enthusiastic supporter of the McKinley tariff 
measure. He is a stalwart in politics and is a strong 
man mentally, and where he is best known has the 
stanchest and truest friend. 

In his home town he has served for some years as 
president of the board of trustees of the Oswego 
college for young ladies. 





JOHN G. CARLISLE. 



JOHN GRIFFIN CARLISLE. 



UNITED STATES SENATOR FROM KENTUCKY. 



John G. Carlisle was born in Campbell — now 
Kenton — county, Kentucky, September, 5, 1835. He 
was the youngest son of a large family. His father 
was a farmer, and young Carlisle until he was nine- 
teen years old worked on the farm in summer and 
attended school in the winter. At that time there was 
scarcely a buggy or pleasure carriage in the county, 
and farm products were taken to market on wagons 
drawn by oxen, and young Carlisle's father used to 
haul his wheat and tobacco twenty miles to market in 
this way. It took him two days and two nights for 
every load. Young Carlisle with the ever-present 
ox-whip in his hand was the frequent conductor for 
his father of these primitive traffic trains. History 
and tradition are equally silent as to whether he en- 
joyed the ocupation ; but be that as it may it is well- 
known that the young Kentuckian gave his leisure 
hours to study and general reading until he had ac- 
quired a good common school and common sense 
education, and at an early age became a teacher in 

229 



230 UNITED STATES SENATORS. 

his county and afterward at Covington, where he now 
resides. Deciding upon the law as a profession, he 
commenced its study in the office of J. W. Stevenson 
and W. B. Kinkead, and in 1858 was admitted to the 
bar of Kentucky, and soon acquired an extensive and 
lucrative practice. 

From 1859 to 1861 he was a member of the state 
house of representatives of Kentucky, being but 
twenty-four years of age at the time of his election. 
During the civil war he was opposed to secession. In 
1864 he was nominated for presidential elector on the 
democratic ticket, but declined. In February, 1866, 
he was elected to the state senate, and was re-elected 
in August, 1869. He was a delegate at large from 
Kentucky to the national democratic convention at 
New York in July, 1868. In May, 1 871, he was nomi- 
nated for lieutenant-governor of his state, and re- 
signed his seat in the state senate to accept the nomi- 
nation. He was elected in August of the same year 
and served in that position until September, 1875. 
In 1876 he was alternate presidential elector for the 
state at large, and the same year and at the same 
election was elected to the Forty-fifth congress, taking 
his seat in March, 1877. He was six times re-elected, 
and served in the house of representatives from 
March, 1877, to May, 1890. He soon became promi- 
nent as a democratic leader, was appointed a member 
of the ways and means committee, and attracted wide 
attention by his clear, forcible and able speeches in 
favor of revenue reform. In the Forty-eighth, Forty- 



UNITED STATES SENATORS. 23 I 

ninth, and Fiftieth congresses, he was elected speaker 
without opposition in his own party. To quote his 
own language "the speakership is certainly a very 
arduous position. It entails hard work from the be- 
ginning to the end of the session and taxes the 
strength and tries the patience of the incumbent to 
the fullest extent. The work of selecting the com- 
mittees — determining just what members will deal 
most intelligently with certain classes of questions — 
and the naming of chairmen is perplexing and tedious 
in the extreme. When this is done the speaker's 
work is only begun. He has to pass upon questions 
of importance almost every hour. He has to be con- 
sulted as to the time that shall be given to the various 
legislative measures ; must carry in his mind a pano- 
ramic view of the whole legislation of the session, and 
must understand the merits of each measure and how 
it should be treated. This, of course, requires a great 
amount of investigation and study. He must be 
ready to decide upon all matters the moment they 
arise, and new questions of procedure and parlia- 
mentary law are always being presented." As speaker 
of the house Mr. Carlisle is given credit of always 
being fair and impartial in his decisions, and he re- 
garded the office as that of a judge rather than that 
of a partisan, that in his judgment being the true 
position of a speaker. 

On May 17, 1890, Mr. Carlisle was elected to the 
United States senate as a democrat, to fill the unex- 
pired term of James B. Beck, deceased, and took his 



232 UNITED STATES SENATORS. 

seat May 26, 1890. His term of service will expire 
March 3, 1895. There is no stronger man in the 
senate to-day than John G. Carlisle. His fourteen 
years in congress, during which he served as speaker 
or upon the important committee of ways and means, 
have given him a thorough equipment regarding all 
matters connected with the government and the inter- 
ests of the United States, and his wonderful intellect, 
joined to a capacity for perpetual work, makes him 
a giant among his fellows. There is no greater 
worker in Washington than Senator Carlisle. While 
speaker he put in more hours a day than any other 
man at the capitol, and his work is still before him 
from morning until night. 

But it is as a revenue reformer that Senator Car- 
lisle is best known, and on that question he has been 
a leader of his party for years. He is in favor of a 
just revision and reduction of tariff taxation, with due 
regard to the raising of revenue and to the industrial 
system as it has grown up under the existing system. 
Theoretically he is a free trader, because he believes 
that all taxes are simply necessary burdens, but he 
thinks it will be a long time before this country can 
arrive at anything near free trade, as it must be ap- 
proached gradually, step by step. If it were an origi- 
nal question, the situation, he thinks, would be differ- 
ent ; but at present artificial conditions have to be 
dealt with, and a complete reform cannot be accom- 
plished by a single measure of legislation. He thinks 
absolute free trade hardly probable, as there will 



UNITED STATES SENATORS. 233 

always be needed a certain amount of money to carry 
on the government, and taxes of some kind must 
always be imposed to pay the expenses. His idea of 
a good government is one which accomplishes its pur- 
poses with the least possible taxation upon the peo- 
ple, and not only should the rate of taxation be as 
small as possible consistent with the raising of the 
necessary amount of revenue, but the burdens of tax- 
ation, he thinks, should be distributed as equally as 
possible upon the people according to their ability to 
bear them. He believes the present system of tax- 
ation violates both these rules in the most flagrant 
manner. 

Senator Carlisle believes that every dollar in circu- 
lation among the masses of the people should be as 
good as any dollar that circulates in financial circles 
or forms the basis of trade, either domestic or inter- 
national, and if anything at all be done on the silver 
question it is his opinion that the principal commer- 
cial nations of the world should join in a monetary 
conference and fix an international ratio. The 
capitalist, he thinks, can always take care of his own 
interest when changes occur or are about to occur in 
the relative values of the different kinds of circulating 
medium, because he can, in anticipation of such 
changes, convert his money at any time into the most 
valuable kind of currency and hoard it in order to 
realize the premium, while the laborer and those of 
scanty means have little to hoard and are compelled 

to receive from day to day in payment for their labor 
12 



234 UNITED STATES SENATORS. 

and its products just such money as the law makes 
legal tender, whatever it may be. 

Senator Carlisle is a calm, deliberate, judicious 
man, not given to oratorical display, but states his 
facts clearly and with a convincing earnestness that 
impresses his hearers. He is held in high esteem by 
his associates, and his knowledge of affairs and his 
ability to deal with them are recognized and admired 
by members of all parties. He is married, and he 
and Mrs. Carlisle are very popular in Kentucky, as 
well as in Washington, where they have a home dur- 
ing the sessions of congress. 




JOSEPH C. S. BLACKBURN. 



JOSEPH C. S. BLACKBURN. 



UNITED STATES SENATOR FROM KENTUCKY. 



Joseph C. S. Blackburn was born in Woodford 
county, Kentucky, October i, 1838. He attended the 
common schools, received private instruction, and 
after completing his preparatory course of study at 
Sayres Institute at Frankfort in that state he entered 
Centre college at Danville, from which institution he 
was graduated in 1 85 7. After his graduation he entered 
upon a course of legal studies in the office of George 
B. Kincaid in Lexington, Kentucky, and was admitted 
to the bar in 1858 at the age of twenty. In casting 
about for a desirable location in which to begin the 
practice of his profession, he made up his mind that 
Chicago would prove an excellent field, and he conse- 
quently removed to the Garden City, where he prac- 
ticed until 1 860 with gratifying success. But when the 
rumblings of the coming conflict began to make them- 
selvesmore audible and the dividing line more distinctly 
drawn between the north and the south, his love for 
the state of his boyhood induced him to return to his 

337 



2^>8 UNITED STATES SENATORS. 

native county, and upon the breaking out of the civil 
war he cast his lot with the south and entered the con- 
federate army in 1861 and served with the usual 
energy of his nature until the end of the strife, receiv- 
ing numerous promotions during the time. In 1865 
he resumed the practice of law in Kentucky, and soon 
acquired a lucrative and desirable clientage, and a 
prominent standing at the bar: 

In 1 87 1 he was elected to the Kentucky legislature 
and was a conspicuous member of that body, and was 
re-elected in 1873. In 1875 he was elected to the 
lower house of congress as a democrat, and since that 
time has been a prominent figure in American poli- 
tics. He was re-elected in 1876, again re-elected in 
1878, 1880, and in 1882, and at the expiration of the 
latter term, he was elected by the legislature of his 
state to the United States senate on February 4, 1884, 
as a democrat to succeed John S. Williams, and took 
his seat on March 4, 1885. At the expiration of his 
term in 1891, he was re-elected for the term expiring 
March 3, 1897. In the lower house Mr. Blackburn 
served on many of the leading committees, was an 
energetic worker, and was considered a good debater. 
In the senate he has served on the standing commit- 
tees on appropriations, on rules, railroads, naval 
affairs, census, Indian traders, and on some of the 
special committees. 

Senator Blackburn is married and his home is at 
Versailles. Mrs. Blackburn usually accompanies him 
at Washington during the sessions of congress. 




RANDALL L. GIBSON. 



RANDALL LEE GIBSON. 



UNITED STATES SENATOR FROM LOUISIANA. 



Randall L. Gibson was born at Spring Hill, near 
Versailles, Woodford county, Kentucky, September 
10, 1832. His ancestors settled originally in Vir- 
ginia. Those on the paternal side subsequently emi- 
grated to South Carolina, and thence to Mississippi, 
where his grandfather, Randall Gibson, who was a 
revolutionary soldier, settled with his kindred at 
Oakley, Warren county, and continued to make it his 
home until his death in 1836. The latter built the 
first church and founded the first college — Jefferson — 
in the state of Mississippi. The father of Randall Lee 
Gibson was Tobias Gibson, who settled early in life 
at Lexington, Kentucky, where he was educated and 
married, afterwards purchasing a large estate in Terre 
Bonne parish, Louisiana, where he became a large and 
successful sugar planter. Although not a public man 
he was an ardent whig and a warm and cherished 
friend of Henry Clay, a gentleman of the old school, 
of elegant manners and accomplishments, and of 
generous hospitality. On his maternal side the 

241 



242 UNITED STATES SENATORS. 

ancestors of the subject of this sketch were the Harts 
and Prestons of Virginia, but who afterwards removed 
to Kentucky. The old family estate at Spring Hill, 
where Randall Lee was born, was the country seat of 
his grandfather, Colonel Hart, and in early days the 
center of a most princely hospitality. 

The subject of this sketch was educated in Lexington, 
Kentucky, and in Terre Bonne parish, and was gradu- 
ated from Yale college in 1853, and was, owing to his 
superior attainments, chosen as class orator upon the 
occasion. After leaving college he entered the law 
department of the university of Louisiana — now 
Tulane university — from which institution he received 
his diploma in 1855, and of which institution he sub- 
sequently became the official head, being president of 
the board of administrators. The next three years 
he spent in Europe, studied in Berlin, traveled in 
Russia, and spent some months at Madrid, which 
experience was both a pleasure and a benefit in after 
years. Upon his return to America he engaged in 
sugar planting until the breaking out of the civil war, 
at which time he was acting as aid to the governor of 
Louisiana. He at once joined the confederate army 
as a private, but a man of his ability and experience 
was not to remain long in the ranks, and he was soon 
made a captain in the First Louisiana artillery and 
stationed at Fort Jackson below New Orleans. Not 
long afterward he was elected colonel of the 
Thirteenth Louisiana infantry. At Shiloh he com- 
manded a brigade which attacked the "hornet's nest" 



UNITED STATES SENATORS. 243 

in front, and was repelled four times with great 
slaughter, but he held his ground and was in the front 
line at sunset and was distinguished in the fighting on 
the following day. Gibson was with Bragg's army in 
the Kentucky campaign, and was recommended for 
promotion for skill and gallantry at Perryville, where 
one-third ot his brigade were killed or wounded. He 
did service for his cause at Murfreesboro and Chicka- 
mauga, and was in all the battles of Gen. Joseph E. 
Johnston's retreat from Dalton to Atlanta, and at 
Jonesboro lost half of his command. In the defeat of 
Gen. Hood he successfully covered the retreat, and in 
Canby's campaign against Mobile, Gen. Gibson was 
detached with three thousand five hundred men to 
Spanish Fort, where he held the national forces at bay 
for full two weeks and then withdrew his entire com- 
mand, under cover of darkness threading a pathway 
only eighteen inches wide through as dangerous and 
dismal a marsh as could be found in all that country. 
From a private in the ranks he rose step by step until 
he commanded a division and was frequently compli- 
mented by his superior officers for gallantry upon the 
battle field. 

He was financially ruined by the war, but after its 
close resumed the practice of law in New Orleans. 

In 1872 he was elected to congress as a democrat, 
but was not permitted to take his seat. He was again 
elected in 1874, after his political disabilities were 
removed, and took his seat in that body. He was 
re-elected in 1876, 1878 and 1880, and was then 



244 UNITED STATES SENATORS. 

elected to the United States senate, and took his seat 
March 4, 1883. He was re-elected in 1888, and his 
present term of service will expire in 1895. 

In congress Gen. Gibson has been a pronounced 
"hard-money" man. He may fairly be said to be the 
father of the policy for the improvement of the 
Mississippi river, which movement he originated and 
has constantly and consistently advocated and success- 
fully guided. He is author of the bill establishing the 
mint at New Orleans, and also the bill authorizing the 
president to send a man-of-war to New Orleans for 
the enlistment of a naval school at that port. He has 
been the most pronounced opponent in the south of 
all forms of financial inflation and irredeemable issues. 
In short Senator Gibson has been a hard-working, safe, 
conservative, high-minded public servant. In the 
house he served on the committee on ways and means 
and other important committees. In the senate he 
has served on such committees as agriculture, com- 
merce, expenditures of public money, public buildings, 
public library, and transportation. 

In 1882 he was chosen by Paul Tulane as president 
of the board of administrators who were to manage 
his gift for education in New Orleans, now estimated 
at one million five hundred thousand dollars. Under 
his auspices Tulane university was founded. He is 
one of the administrators of the Howard memorial 
library in New Orleans, is one of the trustees of the 
Peabody educational fund, and is regent of the Smith- 
sonian institute. 




EDWARD D. WHITE. 



EDWARD DOUGLAS WHITE. 



UNITED STATES SENATOR FROM LOUISIANA. 



Edward D. White was born in the parish of La- 
fourche, Louisiana, November 3, 1845, an d was edu- 
cated at St. Mary's college near Emmitsburg, Mary- 
land, at the Jesuit's college in New Orleans, Louisiana, 
and at Georgetown, District of Columbia. His father, 
who bore the same name, was a distinguished citizen 
of Louisiana, having served the people as judge in 
New Orleans, and was a member of congress for a 
number of years, and was governor of the state. The 
son, although quite young at the outbreak of the war, 
served in the confederate army, and at the close of 
hostilities, studied law, and was licensed to practice 
by the supreme court of Louisiana in December, 
1868, and with the prestige of the family name in the 
line of the law he soon had a good practice. 

In 1874 Mr. White was elected to the state senate 

247 



248 UNITED STATES SENATORS. 

and from 1878 to 1880 he was judge of the supreme 
court of Louisiana. At the expiration of his term on 
the bench, he practiced law and looked after his large 
sugar plantation near New Orleans. On the 29th 
day of May, 1888, nearly three years before the 
expiration of the term of Senator James B. Eustis, 
Judge White was elected United States senator. He 
took his seat March 4, 1 891, for the term to expire 
March 3, 1897. 

Senator White is placed on the committees on 
public lands, claims, and epidemic diseases. 

Senator White is noted for his vitality and energy. 
He is six feet tall, has a robust frame, and his hair 
and complextion are blonde. He is well educated, 
speaks French like a native, and is very fluent as a 
debater. He is quick at repartee, though not bitter 
in his remarks. He is a bachelor, but prefers his own 
home to a hotel, and he keeps house at Washington 
with his sister at the head of the home. 




WILLIAM P. FRYE. 



WILLIAM P. FRYE. 



UNITED STATES SENATOR FROM MAINE. 



William P. Frye was born at Lewiston, Maine, 
September 2, 1831. His father, Col. John M. Frye, a 
successful manufacturer, was one of the early settlers 
of that town, and one of its most respected citizens. 
The great-grandfather of the senator, Joseph Frye, 
was a colonel in the English army and during the 
revolutionary war a general in the American, receiv- 
ing for his military service a grant of the town of 
Freyburg, Maine. 

The subject of this sketch took his preparatory 
course at the Lewiston Falls academy, and graduated 
from Bowdoin college in 1850. He read law in the 
office of William Pitt Fessenden, and was admitted to 
practice in 1853. He was married soon after to Miss 
Caroline F. Spear, of Rockland, Maine. He soon 
entered into a copartnership with Thomas A. D. Fes- 
senden, which continued until the death of the latter. 

251 



252 UNITED STATES SENATORS. 

Mr. John B. Cotton, now assistant attorney-general of 
the United States, shortly became the junior member 
of the firm of Frye & Cotton, and later Mr. Wallace 
H. White, a son-in-law of the senator, was admitted 
to the copartnership, which was now styled " Frye, 
Cotton & White." The practice of these various 
firms was extensive and important, dealing to a con- 
siderable extent with the affairs of the cotton manu- 
facturing corporations, which form the leading industry 
of the city. 

Mr. Frye early gained an enviable reputation as a 
powerful and successful advocate. Nature had en- 
dowed him with the attributes of an orator, a mag- 
nificent voice, a logical mind, quick perception and a 
ready command of language, and he found ample 
opportunity for the cultivation of his powers. The 
supreme court room of Androscoggin county was an 
arena into which he was often called to wage high 
battle with antagonists worthy of his steel. On these 
occasions there was no lack of eager and appreciative 
listeners, many of whom were attracted a considerable 
distance by the fame of the eloquent young lawyer. 
Scarcely less remarkable than his oratorical ability 
was the facility with which he was able to absorb the 
details of a case, and his promptness in meeting any 
new phase in its development. In the perilous waters 
of cross-examination he seemed to be guided by an 
intuition which saved him from the disasters which so 
frequently overtake the practitioner. 

His first public office was that of register of probate. 



UNITED STATES SENATORS. 253 

He was chosen a representative of his city in the legis- 
latures of 1 86 1, 1862 and 1867. In 1864 he served 
as a presidential elector. In 1866 he was elected 
mayor of Lewiston, and re-elected in 1867. In the 
latter year he was elected attorney-general of the 
state, an office which he continued to hold for three 
years. It will be observed that in 1867 he held three 
public offices, representative, mayor and attorney- 
general. 

Mr. Frye was elected a member of the national re- 
publican executive committee in 1872; was re-elected 
in 1876, and again in 1880. He was a delegate to the 
national republican conventions in 1872, 1876 and 
1880. In 1 88 1 he was elected chairman of the repub- 
lican state committee, in place of Hon. James G. 
Blaine, who resigned in November of that year. 

He was elected a trustee of Bowdoin college in 
June, 1880; received the degree of LL.D. from Bates 
college in July, 1881, and the same degree from Bow- 
doin college in 1889. 

Mr. Frye was elected a representative in the Forty- 
second congress, which assembled in December, 1871. 
He continued to occupy a seat in that body until he 
was elected to the United States senate to fill the 
vacancy occasioned by the resignation of Hon. James 
G. Blaine, who was appointed secretary of state in 
President Garfield's cabinet. He took the seat March 
18, 1 88 1 ; was re-elected in 1883, and again in 1888. 
His present term of service will expire March 3, 1895. 

In the house he was chairman of the library com- 



254 UNITED STATES SENATORS. 

mittee ; served for several years on the judiciary ; 
was a member of the committees on ways and means 
and on rules. He was chairman for two or three con- 
gresses of the republican executive committee. It 
was generally conceded that he would have been 
elected speaker of the house in the Forty-seventh 
congress, without opposition on the republican side, 
had he not resigned before the meeting of that con- 
gress on account of his election to the senate. 

While in the house he was prominent as a debater, 
especially on all political questions, for he was ever a 
zealous partisan and a sturdy champion of the prin- 
ciples of the republican party. He took a leading 
part, also, in the discussion of nearly all important 
national questions. He was a prominent advocate of 
the act admitting parties to testify. In the distribu- 
tion of the Geneva award he espoused the cause of 
the actual losers, conducted that fight in the house 
through four congresses, and in the senate through 
one, until the bill introduced by him originally in the 
house became a law, and the entire fund was distrib- 
uted according to its terms. 

In the senate he has been for several years chair- 
man of the committee on commerce, one of the 
largest and most important in that body ; a member 
of the committees on foreign relations and on privi- 
leges and elections, and is also chairman of the spec- 
ial committee on Pacific railroads. 

He took a leading part in the abrogation of the 
fishery articles in the treaty with Great Britain, and in 



UNITED STATES SENATORS. 255 

all matters touching our fishery relations with Can- 
ada. It was largely through his efforts that the atten- 
tion of the country was called to the condition of 
affairs in Samoa, and a settlement effected of the 
complications there. He presented the bill providing 
for the congress of American nations, and took charge 
of it until it became a law, as he did also of the bill 
providing for the maritime congress, and of all legis- 
lation resulting therefrom. 

His postal subsidy and tonnage bills have received 
a generous share of his attention for several years. 
The enactment of the former into law and the pas- 
sage of the latter through the senate in the Fifty-first 
congress were largely due to his efforts. His zealous 
championship of these measures is warmly appre- 
ciated by all who are interested in the welfare of 
American shipping. 

He takes charge in the senate of all matters relat- 
ing to general commerce, including the river and 
harbor bill, and everything pertaining to shipping. 
The senate, having given him its entire confidence in 
these matters, rarely fails to give its sanction to any 
measure reported and urged by him. He has been a 
leader in the shaping and enactment of laws along 
these lines, and indeed it may be safely asserted that 
he has been closely identified with most of the im- 
portant legislation of congress for the past twenty 
years. 

But it is not alone as a legislator that he has be- 
come known to the people of the country. For thirty 



256 UNITED STATES SENATORS. 

years he has been a favorite republican speaker, hav- 
ing appeared on the public platform in every political 
campaign and in nearly every state in the north. 

His eloquent and logical arguments in behalf of his 
party in these political battles, have done much to 
bring about republican successes, and his calm, deliber- 
ate, and judicious appeals to the people have kept 
steady many a wavering line. 

Senator Frye has a beautiful home at Lewiston, the 
city of his birth, and during the sessions of the sen- 
ate he and Mrs. Frye reside in Washington. 




EUGENE HALE. 



EUGENE HALE. 



UNITED STATES SENATOR FROM MAINE. 



Eugene Hale was born in Turner, Oxford county, 
Maine, June 6, 1836. He received an academic edu- 
cation, and before reaching his majority studied law 
in Portland and was admitted to the bar in 1857, 
when at the age of twenty-one he began the practice 
of his profession at Ellsworth, Maine, where he has 
since resided. He rose rapidly in his profession and 
was soon chosen county attorney for Hancock county, 
a position he filled very creditably for nine successive 
years. In 1867 he was elected as a member of the 
legislature in his state, serving in that capacity for 
two years. He was then elected as a republican to 
the house of representatives in congress and served 
continuously in that body from 1869 till 1879. In 
1880 he was again elected to the legislature of Maine, 
and while a member of that body was elected as a 
republican to the United States senate to succeed 
Hon. Hannibal Hamlin, who declined a re-election, 

13 259 



2 6o UNITED STATES SENATORS. 

and took his seat March 4, 1881. He was re-elected 
at the end of the term in 1887, for the term to expire 
March 3, 1893. 

In 1874 Senator Hale was appointed postmaster- 
general by President Grant, but declined the proffered 
position. Again he was offered a cabinet position by 
President Hayes, and again he declined. He was 
chairman of the republican congressional committee 
in the Forty-fourth and Forty-fifth congresses, and 
performed faithful service for his party. He was a 
delegate to the national republican convention in 
1868 when General Grant was first nominated. He 
was again a delegate to the convention that nominated 
President Hayes in 1876, and again in 1880 when 
Gen. Garfield was nominated in Chicago. 

In the lower house of congress he served on some 
of the best committees, and in the senate he has been 
a faithful worker on such committees as appropri- 
ation, naval affairs, epidemic diseases, immigration, 
and has served as chairman of the committee on 
census. He has also served on the special committee 
on relations with Canada. 

Senator Hale married a daughter of Hon. Zachariah 
Chandler of Michigan. He has received the degree 
of Doctor of Laws from Colby university as well as 
from Bates college. He has been a man of decided 
influence in congress, is wealthy, is genial in manner, 
and can reckon his friends by hosts. 




ARTHUR P. CORMAN. 



ARTHUR PUE GORMAN. 



UNITED STATES SENATOR FROM MARYLAND. 



Arthur P. Gorman was the eldest son of Peter and 
Elizabeth A. (Brown) Gorman, and was born in 
Howard county, Maryland, March n, 1839. His 
father was a farmer and a large contractor on the 
Baltimore and Ohio railroad, with which he was con- 
nected for many years. He was a native of Balti- 
more. Arthur P.'s grand father, John Gorman, came 
to America from Ireland in the year 1800, and settled 
in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania; he afterward removed to 
Baltimore. His mother descended from the family 
of Samuel Brown, who were of English blood, but 
came from Scotland to this country before the revo- 
lution, and took part in the war, fighting bravely in 
the cause of American freedom. Of this family two 
great uncles of Mr. Gorman distinguished themselves 
in the war of 181 2. The advantages of education 
which the subject of this sketch enjoyed in early life 
were very limited. He attended the public school in 
Howard county for only a brief period, when, in 1852, 

263 



264 UNITED STATES SENATORS. 

at the age of thirteen, he went to Washington, and 
through the influence of Judge Edward Hammond, 
then a member of congress from Maryland, and of 
Senator Stephen A. Douglas, secured a position as 
page in the United States senate. Here his amiable 
and obliging disposition and his prompt performance 
of duties made him a general favorite. He was ad- 
vanced from one position to another, under the rules 
of promotion, till he held every subordinate office of 
trust in that body, except that of sergeant-at-arms. 
The senate became republican in 1861, but such was 
his popularity, that although he was a pronounced 
democrat he was retained in its service. In 1866, 
after he had been in that service for fourteen years, 
and was then postmaster to the senate, he became 
very active in opposition to the effort to impeach 
President Johnson. This gave offense to the republi- 
can majority, and caused his removal. Immediately 
Reverdy Johnson, Thomas A. Hendricks, and other 
democratic members of the senate, with Hon. Mont- 
gomery Blair, united in a petition to the president to 
secure his appointment as collector of internal reve- 
nue of the fifth district of Maryland, which was granted, 
making his commission date from the date of his re- 
moval. Messrs. Fessenden of Maine, Morgan of New 
York, and other conservative republicans, united with 
the minority to secure his confirmation. 

He entered upon the office to which he had been 
appointed, continuing to discharge its duties until 
April, 1869, soon after the accession of President 



UNITED STATES SENATORS. 265 

Grant to the presidential chair, when he was succeeded 
by an appointee of the new administration. The 
fifth district comprised all the southern tier of counties 
down to Point Lookout, and had always been re- 
garded as one of the most difficult to manage. Its 
accounts had never been closed up, but when Mr. 
Gorman left the office his were closed in less than six 
months, it being the first time in the history of the 
district that this had been done. In the autumn of 1 869, 
having already taken an active part in the political con- 
tests of the time, he was elected, with Judge William 
McCormick, to represent his county in the house of 
delegates. His influence began to be decidedly felt 
before the end of the first session. During the same 
year he was appointed one of the directors of the 
Chesapeake and Ohio Canal company. He was re- 
turned to the house for the succeeding term of 1872, 
and elected to the speakership by an almost unani- 
mous vote of his party in caucus. Immediately after 
the adjournment of the session, he was elected presi- 
dent of the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal company, 
which office he held for many years. In 1875, ne was 
elected to the Maryland state senate for four years, 
to succeed Hon. John Lee Caroll, who afterward be- 
came governor of the state. In 1877, he was ap- 
pointed chairman of the state central committee 
of the democratic party in Maryland. He was at 
first opposed to the constitutional amendments, but 
when they became a part of the national fundamental 
law he was in favor of recognizing them, and with 



266 UNITED STATES SENATORS. 

the Hon. Fred Stone proposed and secured from the 
state an appropriation of $150,000 for the education 
of the colored people, coming down from his chair 
and advocating the measures on the floor of the house. 
He was always in favor of the government paying its 
obligations to the letter and was as far removed as 
possible from anything that savored of repudiation. 
The canal of which he became president was not a 
profitable investment at the time he took charge of 
the same, but under his able administration it was 
made to yield a net revenue of over one million dol- 
lars in the first five years, being more than double the 
amount earned during the twenty years previous. 
There was never a defaulter in any office connected 
with the canal. Mr. Gorman became one of the most 
conspicuous men of his state and the acknowledged 
leader of the democratic party. This position was 
accorded him not from any prestige of wealth or 
family, but solely on account of his magnificent abili- 
ties. His personal popularity, and his success in 
harmonizing the conflicting elements and interests in 
his own party and in sustaining party discipline, his 
wisdom in council, his force, calmness, and cool cour- 
age, united with his life-long experience in political 
life, eminently fitted him for the leadership in the 
public affairs of a great state, or even of a great 
nation. His experience for fourteen years in the 
United States senate, where the greatest men of the 
country were dealing constantly with the profoundest 
questions of government at the most critical period of 



UNITED STATES SENATORS. 267 

the nation's history, gave Mr. Gorman a field of ob- 
servation and a school of. discipline which had 
peculiarly fitted him for the position in which he was 
placed in his native state. Having served four years 
in the state senate, and having served as chairman of 
the democratic state executive committee, in Novem- 
ber, 1879, he was re-elected to the state senate for 
another term of four years, but in January following 
he was elected by the legislature of Maryland to the 
United States senate to succeed Hon. William Pinkney 
Whyte, and resigning his state position took his seat 
March 4, 1 881, and was re-elected in 1886 for the term 
expiring March 3, 1893. On Janaary 19, 1892, he was 
again re-elected for the term ending March 3, 1899. 
In the senate he has proved himself equal to every 
occasion, and has fully met the requirements and ex- 
pectations of his friends and admirers. In the Fifty- 
first congress he was easily the leader of his party in 
the senate. 

He has served on such committees as appropria- 
tions, commerce, inter-state commerce, and printing, 
and on the select committee on irrigation and reclama- 
tion of arid lands, and later on expenses of the 
executive department. 

The Hon. Chauncy F. Black has spoken of Senator 
Gorman as "the almost perfect political chieftain." 
Of his opposition to and defeat of the force bill Mr. 
Black has said: 

" From first to last there was not a single break or 
misstep. From the beginning to the unexpected and 



268 UNITED STATES SENATORS. 

brilliant triumph Mr. Gorman committed no single 
error and incurred nojt a word of adverse criticism 
from any quarter. There is absolutely no parallel to 
this case in the history of England or America — a 
man leading in a struggle vital to the liberties and 
interests of the whole people, involving possibly the 
very existence of a political party, the struggle ex- 
tending through many weeks with varying fortunes 
and chances, and this man trusted and commended 
with absolute unanimity at every turn, and accorded 
the full measure of credit for his conduct at the end 
without a solitary dissenting voice." 

Mr. Gorman's home is at Laurel, Maryland. He 
was married in March, 1867, to Miss H. Donagan of 
Pennsylvania, and they have a large family of chil- 
dren. Mrs. Gorman and several of her daughters 
spend the winters in Washington, and are very popu- 
lar in society. Mrs. Gorman is a member of the 
Presbyterian church to which church the senator also 
inclines. 




CHARLES H. CIBSON. 



CHARLES HOPPER GIBSON. 



UNITED STATES SENATOR FROM MARYLAND. 



Charles H. Gibson was born in Queen Anne's 
county, Maryland, January 19, 1842. His education 
was commenced at the Centreville academy, and he 
was afterward sent to the Archer school in Hartford 
county and from there to Washington college, Chester- 
town, where his course of study was completed. He 
studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1864, and 
commenced the practice of his profession with Colonel 
Samuel Hambleton at Easton, Maryland, where he 
has since resided. 

Mr. Gibson was appointed by President Johnson 
collector of internal revenue for the eastern shore 
district, but his nomination was rejected in the senate 
by a majority of one vote. In 1869 he was appointed 
commissioner in chancery, and in 1870 became 
auditor, which office he resigned before the end of the 

271 



2/2 UNITED STATES SENATORS. 

year to accept the appointment by the circuit court 
for the three years' unexpired term of the state's 
attorney for Talbot county, to which position he was 
elected in 1871 for four years. He was re-elected in 
1875, holding the office for three consecutive terms, 
and declining a re-nomination for the fourth. He filled 
this position with such ability that he was made the 
nominee of his party for a seat in congress. He was 
elected, and served in the Forty-ninth congress, and 
was re-elected to the Fiftieth and Fifty-first congresses. 
In the house of representatives he served on the com- 
mittees on rivers and harbors, military affairs, and 
printing. 

Senator Ephraim K. Wilson of that state died in 
February, 1891, and in the following November, Mr. 
Gibson was appointed by Governor Jackson to fill 
the vacancy in the United States senate until the 
meeting of the Maryland general assembly. He took 
his seat December 7th of the same year, and was 
placed upon the committees on District of Columbia, 
manufactures, fisheries, irrigation and reclamation of 
arid lands, and on quadro-centennial. 

On January 21, 1892, the legislature of Maryland 
having convened, Mr. Gibson was elected United 
States senator to fill the unexpired term caused by 
the death of Senator Wilson, which term ends March 
3- 1897. 

Senator Gibson is described as handsome, courte- 
ous and distinguished, and a gentleman of great 
popularity. 





GEORGE F. HOAR. 



GEORGE FRISBIE HOAR. 



UNITED STATES SENATOR FROM MASSACHUSETTS. 



George F. Hoar was born in Concord, Massachu- 
setts, August 2Q, 1826. He comes from a family dis- 
tinp-uished in the public service of the country. His 
grandfather was a revolutionary soldier, and served 
many years in the legislature of Massachusetts. His 
father, Samuel Hoar, was a graduate of Harvard 
university, a prominent and successful lawyer ior more 
than forty years, member of the state constitutional 
convention, member of the state legislature, serving 
in each house, and member of congress, being a vigor- 
ous opponent of human slavery. He married a 
daughter of the distinguished Roger Sherman. 

George F. Hoar was prepared for college at Con- 
cord academy, and like his father, a graduate of Har- 
vard university, receiving his degree in 1846. He 
then completed a course in the Dana law school at 
Cambridge, and began to practice in Worcester, Massa- 
chusetts, where he has since resided. He soon 



275 



276 UNITED STATES SENATORS. 

acquired a good practice in his profession. He was 
made president of the trustees of the city library, and 
in 1852 was elected as a member of the Massachusetts 
house of representatives. In 1857 he was elected to 
the state senate, and in i860 was chosen city solicitor. 
In 1868 he was elected as a republican to the national 
house of representatives, and took his seat in congress 
March 4, 1869. He served by successive re-elections 
until March 3, 1877, when he declined a renomination. 
In the lower house he served on many of the most 
important committees, was progressive in his ideas, 
scholarly in his debates, and was recognized as a man 
of great ability. In the first session of the Forty- 
fourth congress he was an earnest advocate of the 
centennial appropriation against a powerful opposition 
to it on the ground that there was no constitutional 
authority for the measure, and did much to secure its 
success. He was a member of the electoral commis- 
sion on the presidential election of 1876, and his de- 
cisions as a member of that body were uninfluenced 
by partisan preference, and commanded the respect to 
which impartiality and integrity of purpose are en- 
titled. He was one of the managers on the part of 
the house of representatives of the Belknap impeach- 
ment trial in 1876. 

He was president of the Massachusetts state repub- 
lican conventions of 1871, 1877, 1882, and 1885. He 
was president of the national republican convention 
held in Chicago in June, 1880, which nominated Gen- 
eral Garfield for president of the United States, and 



UNITED STATES SENATORS. 277 

was a delegate to the national republican conventions 
in 1876, 1880, 1884, and 1888, being chairman of the 
Massachusetts delegation in the last three conventions. 

He was elected United States senator from Massa- 
chusetts and took his seat March 5, 1877, and was 
re-elected in 1883, and again in 1889. His term of 
service will expire in 1895. 1° tne senate Mr. Hoar 
has served as chairman of the committee on privileges 
and elections, and in the Fifty-first congress was a 
vigorous advocate of the force bill, which, after a long 
contest was defeated. He has been a member of such 
standing committees as judiciary, library of congress, 
and claims. He has served as chairman of the spe- 
cial committee on relations with Canada, and member 
of the special committees on the centennial of the con- 
stitution, and to enquire into all claims of citizens of the 
United States against the government of Nicaragua. 

The committees on which an experienced member 
of congress is placed is a fair indication of his ability 
and the line of his congressional work. Mr. Hoar 
has been in public life for forty years, and consider- 
ing his fine early education and his great natural 
abilities, much has been expected of him; and his 
constituents by repeatedly returning him to the 
national congress, have testified that their expecta- 
tions have been realized. They have also evidenced 
their confidence in his political ability by placing him 
at the head of the Massachusetts delegation in the 
national republican conventions as they have done 
for the past twelve years. 



278 UNITED STATES SENATORS. 

Mr. Hoar's ability and prominence have not alone 
been recognized in the political arena; he has been 
closely identified with all the educational and charita- 
ble institutions of his city and of the state, and ad- 
mirably sustains the honor and dignity of his native 
commonwealth. He was an overseer of Harvard 
university from 1874 to 1880, was regent of the Smith- 
sonian institute in 1880, and was made president in 
1887 of the American Antiquarian society, and is now 
vice-president. He was chosen president of the as- 
sociation of the alumni of Harvard, but declined. He 
is trustee of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology, 
trustee of Leicester academy, and a member of the 
Massachusetts Historical society, of the American 
Historical society, and the Historic-Geneological 
society. 

He has received the degree of Doctor of Laws from 
William and Mary colleges, from Amherst from Yale 
and from Harvard. Few men have been so highly 
honored by the educational institutions of the country, 
and few men have so highly honored the institutions. 

Senator Hoar is married, and during the sessions 
of congress resides with his wife in the most aristo- 
cratic portion of the city of Washington. 




HENRY L. DAWES. 



HENRY L. DAWES. 



UNITED STATES SENATOR FROM MASSACHUSETTS. 



Henry L. Dawes was born October 30, 1816, at 
Cummington, Massachusetts, a town forever associ- 
ated with one of America's noblest poets, being the 
birth-place and frequent summer resort of William 
Cullen Bryant. After the usual instruction in the 
common schools he prepared for and entered Yale 
college, where he graduated with honor in 1839. He 
then engaged in teaching, but not long after took an 
editorial position in the office of the Greenfield 
"Gazette," a republican family newspaper of Franklin 
county, Massachusetts. Subsequently he became 
editor of the Adams "Transcript" in the same state. 
Soon after he turned his attention to the study of law, 
and was admitted to the bar in 1842, and opened an 
office at Pittsfield, where he has since resided. He 
grew rapidly into popularity in his profession, as well 
as among the people generally, and in the year 1848 
was called into the field of political usefulness by 
being elected to the house of representatives of the 
state, and was recognized as a leading member. In 

a8r 



282 UNITED STATES SENATORS. 

1849 he was re-elected, and in 1850 he was chosen to 
the state senate, where he served for one year, when 
he was again elected a member of the house of repre- 
sentatives. In 1853 he was a delegate to the Massa- 
chusetts state constitutional convention, and the same 
year became district attorney for the western district 
of Massachusetts and served in that capacity until 
1857, making a conscientious and capable officer. He 
was then elected to the national house of representa- 
tives and took his seat in the Thirty-fifth congress as 
a republican, in December, 1857. He remained in 
the lower house of congress by successive re-elections 
for eighteen years, and then declined to be a candi- 
date for the tenth term. In the house he was an able, 
active, honorable member, and did good service on a 
number of the leading committees. He has been 
chairman of the committee on ways and means, has 
served on the committee on public buildings and 
grounds, and inaugurated the measure by which the 
completion of the Washington monument was under- 
taken. He is the author of many tariff measures, and 
assisted in the construction of the wool and woollen 
tariff of 1868, which was the basis of all wool and 
woollens from that time until the revenue law was 
passed in 1883. One of his most important measures 
was the introduction of the "weather bulletin" of 1869, 
at the suggestion of Professor Cleveland Abbe, for 
the purpose of collecting and comparing weather 
reports from all parts of the country. In 1866 he was 
a delegate to the loyalists' convention in Philadelphia. 



UNITED STATES SENATORS. 283 

When Senator Charles Sumner died, the Hon. 
William B. Washburn filled out his unexpired term. 
At the regular election, however, in 1874, Mr. Dawes 
was chosen United States senator, and took his seat 
March 4, 1875, f° r tne following term of six years. 
He was re-elected in 1881 and again in 1887, the 
latter term to expire March 3, 1893. I n the senate 
he has served as chairman of the standing committee 
on Indian affairs, and an active member of the com- 
mittees on appropriations, civil service and retrench- 
ment, fisheries, transportation routes to the seaboard, 
and on the special committees on the five civilized 
tribes of Indians, and on the president's message trans- 
mitting the reports of the Pacific railway commission. 
He has also served on revolutionary war claims and 
on naval affairs. In short, Senator Dawes in congress 
has labored upon almost every important committee, 
and has been a prominent figure in the debates on 
nearly every important question that has occupied 
the attention of congress and the nation in the last 
thirty-five years, and his speeches have been so widely 
circulated that it may be safely affirmed that his name 
is familiar wherever congressional proceedings are 
read. 

Senator Dawes has long been interested in the 

American Indian. He was appointed on a special 

committee to investigate the Indian disturbances in 

the Indian Territory, upon which he made a valuable 

report. The entire system of Indian education due to 

legislation was created by Mr. Dawes. Among the 
14 



284 UNITED STATES SENATORS. 

important bills of his authorship passed are the 
severalty bill, the Sioux bill, and the bill making 
Indians subject to and protected by our criminal laws. 
He has grown to be an authority on all Indian 
matters, especially those matters relating to the 
civilized tribes. He takes great interest in their 
schools and their progress, and has been in a certain 
sense their guardian. 

The length of time which Mr. Dawes has been con- 
tinued in public service by so intelligent a common- 
wealth as Massachusetts is sufficient evidence of his 
rare qualifications as a legislator and his ability to 
cope with the powerful rivals and antagonists who are 
always to be found in the arena of state and national 
politics. He is now in his seventy-sixth year, and has 
been a state and national legislator for nearly forty- 
four years. He has received the degree of Doctor of 
Laws from Williams college and Yale university. He 
has had an experience that is a history in itself, and 
has been a witness of the greatest improvements in 
the life of our nation. 

Mr. Dawes is married, and his wife and daughter 
spend their winters with him in Washington. His 
daughter, Anna Laurens, is a well-known writer on 
political topics, and of whom the senator is very proud. 




JAMES MCMILLAN. 



JAMES MCMILLAN. 



UNITED STATES SENATOR FROM MICHIGAN. 



James McMillan was born in Hamilton, Ontario, 
May 13, 1838. He comes of good Scotch stock, his 
father being an immigrant from Scotland, who won a 
superior position on the Great Western railway, now 
known as the Wabash. Young James received a com- 
mon school education and then prepared for college, 
but did not take a course, as he removed with his 
father to Detroit, Michigan, in 1855, where he served 
an apprenticeship in a hardware store. He then be- 
came his father's assistant as purchasing agent for the 
Detroit and Milwaukee railroad. In 1863, with John 
S. Newberry and others, he organized the Michigan 
Car company for the manufacture of freight cars. 
This business grew very rapidly, and in ten years it 
was one of the largest in the United States. Its suc- 
cess led to the formation of the Detroit Car-wheel 
company, the Baugh Steam-forge company, the De- 
troit Iron-furnace company, and the Vulcan Furnace 
company. In 1881, with his associates in business, he 
organized the Detroit, Mackinaw and Marquette 
Railroad company, of which he became president. 
Mr. McMillan is one of the largest owners of the 
Detroit and Cleveland Steam Navigation company, 

287 



288 UNITED STATES SENATORS. 

and the Detroit Transportation company. He has 
been a director in several banks in Detroit, and is 
interested in other large business enterprises. He is 
at the head of a corporation employing three thousand 
men and doing business of over six million dollars 
annually. His business enterprises have uniformly 
proved successful and he has acquired a large fortune. 

In 1886 he joined with John S. Newberry in con- 
tributing one hundred thousand dollars each for the 
establishment and maintainage of a hospital in De- 
troit, and he has been a generous contributor to other 
charitable institutions. 

He first appeared in politics in 1876, as a member 
of the republican state central committee, and on the 
death of Zachariah Chandler he was made chairman. 
Again in 1886 and in 1890 he was elected chairman 
of the committee. For three years he was president 
of the Detroit board of park commissioners, and for 
four years was a member of the Detroit board of 
estimates. He was a republican presidential elector 
in 1884. In 1889 he was elected to the United States 
senate for the term ending March 3, 1895. In con- 
gress he has served as chairman of the committees on 
manufactures and District of Columbia, and a member 
of the committees on agriculture and forestry and 
postofnces and post roads. 

Mr. McMillan is married, and has four sons and a 
daughter. The wife and daughter accompany him to 
Washington. One son is with him in business, and 
one is a lawyer. 




FRANCIS B. STOCKBRIDGE. 



FRANCIS BROWN STOCKBRIDGE. 



UNITED STATES SENATOR FROM MICHIGAN. 



Francis B. Stockbridge was born in Bath, Sagada- 
hoe county, Maine, April 9, 1826. He came from 
good, old New England stock, that stock which has 
so impressed itself for good on the entire country — 
sturdy and honest, with its high sense of honor and 
integrity. His father, Dr. John Stockbridge, was 
prominent as a practicing physician in Bath for fifty 
years. His mother, Eliza Stockbridge, was the daugh- 
ter of John Russell, the veteran editor of the Boston 
Gazette. Francis B. Stockbridge received his educa- 
tion in the common schools and at Bath academy of 
his native town until he reached the age of sixteen, 
when he became a clerk in a dry goods store in Bos- 
ton, Massachusetts. There he remained for four 
years until 1847, when he concluded to try his for- 
tunes in the west. He removed to Chicago, Illinois, 

291 



292 UNITED STATES SENATORS. 

then a small town located in a marsh, but with a good 
harbor and situated at the south end of Lake Michi- 
gan, which lake made easy of access the great pine 
forests of the north. Mr. Stockbridge had known 
something of the lumber interest in his native state, 
and when he reached Chicago, he shrewdly noted the 
fine forests to the north, and with an eye to business 
observed the great timberless prairies to the south 
and west, their fertility inviting immigration, tillage 
and improvement ; and with a keen foresight he en- 
gaged in the lumber trade, associating himself with 
another gentleman under the firm name of Carter & 
Stockbridge. In making the move he decided the 
work of his entire after-life. 

From this time onward his interest as a lumber 
merchant gradually widened until he became one of 
the most prominent men in that line in the northwest. 

In 1853 he removed from Chicago to Allegan 
county, Michigan, where he had a number of saw 
mills. Locating at Saugatuck, he remained there 
until 1874, when he removed to Kalamazoo, where he 
has since resided. 

The year of his removal to Saugatuck he became 
connected with the firm of O. R. Johnson & Com- 
pany, whose mills then turned out about twenty mill- 
ion feet of lumber per year. Shortly afterwards he 
became a member of the Mackinack Lumber com- 
pany of about the same capacity, and in 1875 was 
elected president of the company. Three years later 
he founded and became president of the Black River 



UNITED STATES SENATORS. 293 

Lumber company. In 1887 he organized the Kala- 
mazoo Spring and Axel company, of which he is presi- 
dent. He is a member of a large lumber company in 
California, a large owner of Mississippi pine-lands, a 
leading stock-holder in the Menominee iron mines of 
the upper peninsula of Michigan, and is largely inter- 
ested in the S. A. Brown & Company stock-breeding 
farm near Kalamazoo. 

During the war, though not in active service, he 
served on the staff of Governor Blair, gaining the 
rank of colonel. In 1869 he was elected to represent 
Allegan county in the state legislature, and after 
completing his term was elected to the state senate, 
in which he served until 1873. In both houses he was 
distinguished for his tact as an organizer and manager 
and his ability in committee work of every form. He 
has been engaged in several political campaigns, in 
which his reputation as a manager and a man of keen 
business ability has been clearly demonstrated, adding 
to his reputation and the esteem of his colleagues. 

In 1887 he was elected, with but little opposition, 
to succeed the Hon. Omar D. Conger in the United 
States senate. Here, as elsewhere, his practical ability 
has made itself manifest. He has served with dis- 
tinguished ability on some of the leading senate com- 
mittees. He has been chairman of the committee on 
fisheries, and member of the committees on census, 
epidemic diseases, Indian affairs, naval affairs, and 
railroads. 

Though never known as a politician, and much less 



294 UNITED STATES SENATORS. 

a mere party politician, he is a republican of the most 
pronounced type, who has ever labored for the best 
interests of his party when he has found himself able 
to do so. 

The senator was married in 1863 to Miss Betsy 
Arnold, of Gunn Plains, Allegan county, Michigan, the 
estimable daughter of Daniel Arnold, esq., one of the 
pioneers of the state. Their social and domestic re- 
lations have ever been of the most pleasant. At the 
federal capital, as at their Michigan home, they are 
honored members of the best and most intelligent 
society circles. 

In the enjoyment of an ample competence, as the 
result of wise and well-directed commercial enter- 
prise, the senator freely indulges his natural tastes for 
literature and valuable works of art. He is also a 
great lover of the animate in nature, and his eye is 
keen in admiration of the points of a well-bred horse. 
In the raising of fine stock he probably finds one of his 
greatest sources of pleasure. 

With all his manifold business interests, the time 
and attention devoted to political and governmental 
affairs, the demands of social life, he is found not un- 
mindful of that higher life; for as a member of the 
Protestant Episcopal church, he is one of the vestry- 
men, and actively and prominently connected with all 
charitable and church matters. He is president of the 
Kalamazoo Children's home, a most useful and 
worthy charity, and to these good causes he gives 
freely of his means. In October of 1887 he was one 



UNITED STATES SENATORS. 295 

of three gentlemen who gave thirteen thousand dollars 
toward carrying on the work of the Kalamazoo col- 
lege. He was also the first to offer ten thousand dol- 
lars toward the building of a suitable home in Kala- 
mazoo for the Young Men's Christian association, a 
fine structure just completed. 

The following addenda has been written by one who 
knows the senator well, and has been able to note his 
course throughout: 

Senator Stockbridge is known among his friends 
as a genial, affable gentleman, popular with all classes, 
and with none more than with his own employes. 

As a business man he has accomplished a great 
deal for Kalamazoo and the various localities in the 
lumbering districts where he has had interests, and 
for the great state of which they form a part. 

An open-hearted, generous man: not a day passes 
in which he does not do some act of good or perform 
some generous deed for others. Rank and station 
count little in his eyes — a man being valued for what 
he accomplishes; and there is no one who is more 
open to the approach of the poor or humble. He is 
not only a benefit to the various communities in 
which he has lived, but he is now of equal benefit to 
the state which he represents in the nation's highest 
legislative body. Personal interests in no way inter- 
fere with his duty to the public he represents. He is 
exceedingly patient in listening to every argument 
advanced for or against a measure which may effect 
the public interest, and displays great zeal in investi- 



296 UNITED STATES SENATORS. 

gating the merits of any bill under discussion. When 
he has passed judgment he stands like a rock, and the 
entreaties of his warmest and most trusted friends to 
change his action when he knows he is in the rieht, 
fail to impress him in the least. 

In his case business capacity, combined with in- 
dustry, integrity and application, has once more told 
the story of what may be achieved by the bright 
American boy who "hews close to the line" of right 
and applies himself diligently. 




WILLIAM D. WASHBURN. 



WILLIAA\ DREW WASHBURN. 



UNITED STATES SENATOR FROM MINNESOTA. 



William D. Washburn was born in Livermore, An- 
droscoggin county, Maine, January 14, 1S31. His 
parents were Israel Washburn, a farmer, and Martha 
B. (Benjamin) Washburn. He is a member of the 
widely known Washburn family so intimately associ- 
ated with the political history of the country, and 
whose first representative in America came from Eng- 
land in the Mayflower. His paternal grandfather 
was a soldier in the revolutionary war, while his 
maternal grandfather was a lieutenant, serving under 
Washington the greater part of the time, and with 
him at Yorktown, at the surrender of Cornwallis. 
The Benjamin family, of which his mother was a 
member, came originally from Scotland and early 
settled in Maine, where it is widely known. 

William D. was the youngest of five brothers, all of 
whom were born at Livermore, and all of whom be- 
came prominent in the history of the country. They 

299 



300 UNITED STATES SENATORS. 

were as follows : Israel — school teacher, lawyer, mem- 
ber of the state legislature of Maine, member of con- 
gress, collector of the port of Portland, and governor 
of the state. Eli hue i?. ---printer, school teacher, 
editor, lawyer, congressman for many years, cabinet 
minister, and foreign minister. Cadwalader C. — 
teacher, surveyor, lawyer, banker, congressman, col- 
onel, brigadier-general, and major-general in the 
army, and governor of Wisconsin. Charles A. — 
lawyer, editor in California, foreign minister, and 
author. 

William D. lived at home with his father until he 
was twenty years old, working on the farm in summer 
and attending school during the winter season. After 
leaving the district school he entered Gorham acad- 
emy; and later studied one term at South Paris, 
finally completing his preparatory studies at Farm- 
ington academy. In 1851 he entered Bowdoin col- 
lege, and there graduated in 1854. While there he 
defrayed nearly all his expenses by teaching winters 
and working in vacations. During one of these va- 
cations he was clerk of the national house of repre- 
sentatives under General Cullom. After leaving col- 
lege Mr. Washburn decided to enter the legal pro- 
fession, and spent the following year and a half with 
his brother Israel at Orono, Maine, in the study of 
law; later he completed his preparatory legal studies 
at Bangor under the Hon. John A. Peters, and was 
admitted to the bar in 1857. He then removed to 
Minneapolis, Minnesota, and in the fall of the same 



UNITED STATES SENATORS. 301 

year was appointed agent of the Minneapolis Mill com- 
pany, a corporation under the chief control of Gov- 
ernor C. C. Washburn, of Wisconsin, and during the 
following four years attended to the duties of his 
appointment, in connection with his law business. He 
afterwards became directly interested in the company, 
and a director of the same. In 1861 President Lincoln 
commissioned him as surveyor-general of Minnesota, 
which position he held for four years. Mr. Washburn 
then erected a large saw mill at Minneapolis and en- 
gaged in the lumber business, and became a director 
and large owner of the Minneapolis Water Power 
company. In 1870 he was the principal projector of 
the Minneapolis and St. Louis railroad, and became 
its vice-president, and in 1875 its president, and its 
success was due largely through his efforts. Mr. 
Washburn has been a director in various other roads. 
He organized and built the Sault line of railway from 
Minneapolis to Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan, of which 
he was the chief projector, and remained its president 
until his election to the United States senate in 1879. 
He has been the owner of several large saw mills, and 
has been interested in many manufacturing industries, 
the Minneapolis Harvester works being among them. 
In fact, all projects for the development of the state 
resources and wealth have met with his sympathy and 
aid. In the growth of his own city he has taken 
special pride, and to matters of local interest has ex- 
tended a cordial support. 

In politics Mr. Washburn has always been a repub- 



3<D2 UNITED STATES SENATORS. 

lican, and his fellow-citizens have recognized his many 
services and peculiar fitness for the various positions 
of trust to which they have called him. In 1858 and 
again in 1871 he was elected to the state legislature. 
In 1873 he was very strongly supported for the gov- 
ernorship of the state. In November, 1878, he was 
elected to the house of representatives in congress, 
and served with such distinction that he was re-elected 
in 1880 and again in 1882. In 1889 he was chosen 
United States senator to succeed Dwight M. Sabin, 
and his term will expire March 3, 1895. 

In the lower house Mr. Washburn served on some 
of the leading- committees. In the senate he has been 
chairman of the committee on the improvements of 
the Mississippi river, and has been a member of the 
committees on civil service, commerce, education and 
labor, postoffices and post roads, and to establish a 
university of the United States, and on the select 
committee to inquire into administrative service of 
the senate. 

Mr. Washburn was married April 19, 1859, to Miss 
Lizzie L. Muzzy, daughter of the Hon. Franklin 
Muzzy of Bangor, Maine. A large family of children 
have been born to them. 

Mr. Washburn now enjoys an ample fortune, and is 
surrounded by the comforts and pleasures of a happy 
home. His life and character afford a notable ex- 
ample of that permanent success which is the result 
of conscientious and persevering effort. 




CUSHMAN K. DAVIS. 



CUSHMAN KELLOGG DAVIS. 



UNITED STATES SENATOR FROM MINNESOTA. 



Cushman K. Davis was born in Henderson, Jeffer- 
son county, New York, June 1 6, 1838. He removed 
with his parents when a child to Waukesha, Wiscon- 
sin. Here he was sent to the common schools, and 
afterward attended Carroll college in that town, and 
then entered the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor, 
where he graduated in June, 1857, at the age of nine- 
teen. He then studied law, was admitted to the bar, 
and began the practice of his profession in 1859 at 
Waukesha. Being well equipped, he was succeeding 
admirably when the war of the rebellion broke out. 
When the Twenty-eighth Wisconsin regiment of 
infantry was being made up, Mr. Davis enlisted, and 
was elected first lieutenant of a company. Leaving 
his practice he went to the front with his regiment, 
and was soon promoted, and served as assistant ad- 
jutant general during the rest of his service in the 
army on the staff of General Willis A. Gorman. He 
was compelled to leave the army in 1864 by an attack 
of typhoid fever. He returned to Wisconsin, where 
he remained a year recuperating his health, and in 
1865 removed to Minnesota and resumed the practice 
of his profession at St. Paul, where he has since resided. 

305 



306 UNITED STATES SENATORS. 

He was elected to the Minnesota legislature in 
1867 and served one term. In 1868 he was appointed 
United States district attorney for Minnesota, which 
position he filled with ability for the next five years. 
In 1874 he was elected governor of the state of 
Minnesota on the republican ticket and served one 
term, declining a re-nomination. In 1875 an< ^ again 
in 1 88 1 he was a candidate for United States senator, 
but was unsuccessful each time. In 1887 he was 
again a candidate for the senatorship, and on Janu- 
ary 1 8th he was elected as a republican to that office, 
to succeed Senator J. S. R. McMillan, for the term 
expiring March 3, 1893. 

In the senate Mr. Davis has served as chairman of 
the committee on pensions since he entered congress, 
and has been a member of the committees on census, 
military affairs, territories, foreign relations, and on 
the select committee on the president's message 
transmitting the report of the Pacific railway com- 
mission. 

Senator Davis is a scholarly man, an interesting 
speaker on political topics, and is very popular as a 
lecturer. Among the many lectures he has delivered, 
"Modern Feudalism" is considered by many as his 
best. He has published "The Law of Shakespeare." 
In 1886 Michigan university conferred upon him the 
degree of Doctor of Laws. 

Senator Davis is married, has a beautiful home in 
St. Paul, and Mrs. Davis accompanies him to Wash- 
ington and remains during the sessions of congress. 




EDWARD C. WALTHALL. 



EDWARD CAREY WALTHALL 



UNITED STATES SENATOR FROM MISSISSIPPI. 



Edward C. Walthall was born in Richmond, Vir- 
ginia, April 4, 1831, and removed in early life ta 
Mississippi, where he received an academic education 
at Holly Springs. He studied law and was admitted 
to the bar in 1852 and commenced practice at Coffee- 
ville, Mississippi. In 1856 he was elected district 
attorney of the Tenth judicial district of the state, and 
was re-elected in 1859, but in 1861 he resigned the 
position and entered the confederate army and was 
elected lieutenant in the Fifteenth regiment of Missis- 
sippi infantry. He was soon promoted to lieutenant- 
colonel, and commanded the regiment in the battle of 
Fishing Creek, Kentucky, January 19, 1862. Subse- 
quently he became colonel of the Twenty-ninth 
Mississippi regiment, and on December 13, 1862, was 
promoted to brigadier-general, and for skill and gal- 
lantry in the field was promoted on June 6, 1864, to 
major-general. At the battle of Missionary Ridge, 
after the national forces had penetrated the confeder- 
ate lines, General Walthall, under direction of Gen- 
eral Cheathem, threw his brigade across the ridge and 

15 3°9 



3 I O UNITED STATES SENATORS. 

held the advancing troops in check until darkness 
enabled the confederates to make their escape. He 
commanded the rear guard of General Hood's army 
after that general's disastrous defeat at Nashville, and 
protected them from capture by the pursuing forces 
of General Thomas. 

When peace was restored, Gen. Walthall returned 
to Coffeeville, Mississippi, and resumed the practice 
of law, where he remained until January, 1871, when 
he removed to Grenada, where he has since resided. 

He was a delegate at large to the national demo- 
cratic conventions of 1868, 1876, 1880, and 1884, and 
was the chairman of the Mississippi delegation in 
each. He was appointed to the United States senate 
as a democrat to fill the vacancy caused by the resig- 
nation of L. O. C. Lamar, appointed by President 
Cleveland as secretary of the interior, and took his 
seat on March 12, 1885, and was elected by the legis- 
lature in January, 1886, for the unexpired term, with- 
out opposition. He was unanimously re-elected in 
January, 1888, for the term ending March 3, 1895. 
Senator Walthall in congress has been an industrious 
and intelligent worker on the committees on civil 
service and retrenchment, improvement of the Missis- 
sippi river, military affairs, public lands, and the 
select committee on Indian depredations. 

Senator Walthall is married, and Mrs. Walthall and 
their adopted daughter, Miss Courtenay Walthall, 
who is their niece, spend the winters in Washington, 
where the family is very popular in official society. 




JAMES Z. CEORCE. 



JAMES ZACHARIAH GEORGE. 



UNITED STATES SENATOR FROM MISSISSIPPI. 



James Z. George was born in Monroe county, 
Georgia, October 20, 1826. He lost his father in 
infancy, and his mother removed when he was eight 
years of age to Noxumbee county, Mississippi, where 
he resided two years, and then removed to Carroll 
county, where he was educated in the common schools. 
In 1846 the Mexican war awakened the military spirit 
in the land, and especially near the border of the 
invaded country, and young George, then twenty 
years of age, enlisted in the First Mississippi volun- 
teers, a rifle regiment commanded by Jefferson Davis, 
and among other engagements was at the battle of 
Monterey. On his return from Mexico, he studied 
law, and was admitted to the bar, where he soon won 
confidence in his thorough knowledge of legal princi- 
ples, having become especially familiar with the 
statutes of his own state, and in 1854 was elected 
reporter of the high court of errors and appeals. He 
was re-elected to the same position in i860. He 
served as a member of the state convention of Missis- 
sippi which passed the ordinance of secession, for 

313 



314 UNITED STATES SENATORS. 

which he voted and which received his signature. In 
1 86 1 Mr. George abandoned his professional life for 
the battle field, espoused the cause of the confederacy, 
and first was elected captain in the Twentieth 
Mississippi volunteers, and subsequently became 
colonel of the Fifth Mississippi cavalry. He was 
appointed brigadier-general of state troops. 

At the close of his services in the field he resumed 
the practice of his profession, but incidentally engaged 
in politics. He was chairman of the democratic state 
executive committee in 1875 and 1876, was appointed 
a judge of the supreme court ot the state in 1879, and 
afterward chosen chief justice of his state. The latter 
office he resigned in February, 1881, to take his seat 
in the United States senate to succeed Blanche K. 
Bruce. Mr. George was re-elected in 1887, and his 
term will expire March 3, 1893. In the senate he has 
served on the standing committees on judiciary, rail- 
roads, education and labor, agriculture and forestry, 
transportation routes to the seaboard, and on woman 
suffrage. He has a legal mind, is a hard worker, and 
is very unpretentious in his bearing. 

Judge George prepared and published ten volumes 
of the decisions of the court of which he was official 
reporter, and subsequently issued a digest of all the 
decisions from the admission of Mississippi into the 
union to and including the year of 1870. 

Senator George is married, and Mrs. George spends 
the winters with her husband in Washington. Their 
home is at Carrollton, Mississippi. 




CEORCE C. VEST. 



GEORGE GRAHAM VEST. 



UNITED STATES SENATOR FROM MISSOURI. 



George G. Vest was born at Frankfort, Kentucky, 
December 6, 1830. Both his paternal and maternal 
grandfathers and grandmothers were born in Virginia. 
His grandfather on the paternal side and his great- 
grandfather on the maternal side were soldiers under 
Washington in the revolutionary war. His father's 
family — the Vests — were from Louisa county, Vir- 
ginia, about fifty miles northwest of Richmond ; while 
on the maternal side he is descended from the Gra- 
hams, who are of Scotch-Irish blood. The father of 
the subject of this sketch, John J. Vest, was born in 
Kentucky, and his mother, Harriet Graham, was also 
a native of the latter named state. Young Vest was 
educated at the high school of B. B. Sayre in Frank- 
fort, and attended that school for ten years, having 
never attended any other school. In 1846, at the age 
of sixteen, he entered Centre college at Danville, 

317 



3 1 8 UNITED STATES SENATORS. 

Kentucky, and was graduated from that institution in 
the latter part of June, 1848. He then read law in 
the office of the Honorable James Harlan, attorney 
general of Kentucky, and in 1851 entered the law 
department of Transylvania university at Lexington, 
Kentucky, where he graduated in 1852. In 1853 Mr. 
Vest removed to Georgetown, Pettis county, Missouri, 
and there commenced the practice of his profession. 
The village was quite a small one and the field not 
particularly inviting for future law business, yet the 
young attorney made many friends and built up con- 
siderable practice. He remained there three years, 
and in 1856 removed to Booneville, county seat of 
Cooper county, Missouri, a thriving town on the Mis- 
souri river, and a good field for an ambitious young 
lawyer. Here he continued the practice of his profes- 
sion until the breaking out of the civil war, and be- 
ing thoroughly well equipped, he soon gained for 
himself a large and lucrative practice and rose to 
more than local distinction at the bar. 

In 1 86 1 Mr. Vest was the democratic elector for 
the electoral district in which he then lived, and cast 
one of the nine votes received by Stephen A. Doug- 
las for president. In the same year Mr. Vest was 
elected to the house of representatives of the Mis- 
souri general assembly, as a democrat But the great 
civil war came on, and the people of the border state 
of Missouri were provoked and perplexed with inter- 
nal dissensions. There could be but a narrow isthmus 
of middle eround, and able-bodied men were soon 



UNITED STATES SENATORS. 319 

compelled to choose one side or the other in the con- 
flict. Mr. Vest had been reared in Kentucky ; his 
ancestors were from the Old Dominion ; and he cast 
his lot with the south, the general assembly of Mis- 
souri having passed an ordinance of secession and the 
southern people of the state claiming that Missouri 
was a member of the confederacy. He entered the 
confederate army, but subsequently became a member 
of the house of representatives of the confederate 
congress, in which body he served for two years. He 
then became a member of the confederate senate, and 
served one year in that body. 

At the close of the war, Mr. Vest returned to 
Missouri, and in 1867 resumed the practice of his 
profession at Sedalia, forming a partnership with 
Judge John F. Philips, now district judge of the United 
States for the western district of Missouri. Sedalia 
proved a broader field than Boonville, and for the 
next ten years Mr. Vest applied himself closely and 
energetically to his practice, and became one of the 
leading lawyers of the state. Incidentally he took 
part in the political canvasses of the democratic party, 
and became well and favorably known in that con- 
nection throughout the state. In 1877 he removed to 
Kansas City and opened a law office there, but in the 
succeeding year, 1878, was elected to the United 
States senate as a democrat, in the place of James 
Shields, democrat, who had been elected to fill the 
vacancy caused by the death of Lewis V. Bogy. Sen- 
ator Vest took his seat March 18, 1879. He was re- 



320 UNITED STATES SENATORS. 

elected in 1885, and again re-elected in 1890. The 
latter term will expire March 3, 1897. 

In the senate he has served on the standing com- 
mittees on commerce, judiciary, public buildings and 
grounds, transportation routes to the seaboards, and 
on the select committees on quadro-centennial and 
transportation and sale of meat products, being chair- 
man of the last named committee. His appointment 
upon such leading committees in the senate is evi- 
dence of the estimation in which his abilities are held 
by his associates in congress. 

Senator Vest is not only popular in Missouri, as 
his elections to the senate without opposition in his 
party would indicate, but no man in congress has 
more warm, close personal friends than he. 

Mr. Vest was married in June, 1854, to Miss Sallie 
E. Sneed, daughter of Alexander Sneed, of Danville, 
Kentucky, from which union they have three children, 
all living; one daughter, Mary, who is the wife of 
George P. B. Jackson of Sedalia, Missouri, and two 
sons, Alexander S. and George P. Vest. 

Mrs. Vest spends her winters with her husband in 
Washington. 




FRANCIS M. COCKRELL. 



FRANCIS MARION COCKRELL 



UNITED STATES SENATOR FROM MISSOURI. 



Francis M. Cockrell was born in Johnson county, 
Missouri, October i, 1834. He attended the common 
schools of the vicinity in his boyhood, and prepared 
for admission to Chapel Hill college, in his native 
state, entered that institution, and graduated there- 
from in July, 1853, at the age of nineteen. He then 
chose the law as his future profession, at once began 
the study of the same, and upon being admitted to the 
bar, began practice at Warrensburg, the county seat 
of his native county, and has made that wide-awake 
little city his home ever since. He was ardently 
attached to his profession and devoted himself entirely 
to its practice, having very little desire for political 
honors with their attendant strife. Being enthusiastic 
and well-equipped it was but natural that he should 
succeed, and it was not long until he had acquired a 
high standing at the bar, not only in his native county 
but throughout the western portion of the state. 

323 



324 UNITED STATES SENATORS. 

When the call to arms was made in 1861 he entered 
the confederate army, where he rose to be colonel, 
commanding the First Missouri brigade under Gen- 
eral Bowen, which was routed at Baker's Creek. 
Colonel Cockrell was afterward commissioned a 
brigadier-general. 

After the war he returned to Warrensburg, gathered 
up the shreds of his former avocation, and soon 
regained a profitable practice. 

He never held a public office until elected United 
States senator to succeed Carl Schurz, and took his 
seat March 4, 1875, ar >d was re-elected in 1881, and 
again re-elected in 1887 for the term expiring March 
3, 1893. In the United States senate Mr. Cockrell 
has served as chairman of the committee on woman 
suffrage, chairman of the committee on engrossed 
bills, and has been an active member of the com- 
mittees on appropriations, military affairs, public 
lands, organization, conduct and expenditures of the 
executive departments, and on the select committee 
to inquire into administrative service of the senate. 

That he is popular with the people of Missouri is 
evidenced by his long continuance in the senate, and 
that he is recognized as an able member is proved by 
his appointment upon a number of the most important 
committees in that body. 

Senator Cockrell is married, has a pleasant home 
in Warrensburg, but during the sessions of congress 
he and Mrs. Cockrell reside in Washington. 




WILBUR F. SANDERS. 



WILBUR F. SANDERS. 



UNITED STATES SENATOR FROM MONTANA. 



Wilbur F. Sanders was born in Leon, Cattaraugus 
county, New York, May 2, 1834. He was educated 
in the common and high schools of his native state, 
and as soon as he was of sufficient age began teaching 
in the public schools; and in 1854, when twenty years 
old, he removed to the state of Ohio, where he con- 
tinued for a time in the same work, reading law at 
intervals in the meantime. After a short time he 
entered the law office of his uncle, Sidney Edgerton, 
at Akron, Ohio, and began a regular legal course 
of study, his uncle being one of the most prominent 
lawyers at the time of the Western reserve, and a fine 
instructor. Young Sanders was admitted to the bar 
in 1856, and at once began practice. 

In 1858 he married Miss Harriet B. Fenn. 

When the war broke out in 1 861, he was among the 
first to respond to the call of the president for volun- 
teers, and in the summer of that year recruited a 

327 



328 UNITED STATES SENATORS. 

company of infantry and a battery, and in October 
following was commissioned a first-lieutenant in the 
Sixty-fourth Ohio, of which regiment he was made 
adjutant. Subsequently was acting assistant adjutant- 
general on the staff of General James W. Forsyth. 
In 1862 he assisted in the construction of defenses 
along the railroads south of Nashville. He continued 
in the army until 1863, when ill health compelled his 
resignation, and he returned to Ohio and then 
removed to Idaho territory — now Montana — whither 
his uncle had preceded him as governor of the terri- 
tory. The next year the territory was divided, and 
Mr. Edgerton became governor of Montana, and Mr. 
Sanders, then thirty years of age, settled in Virginia 
City. He soon became prominent as a lawyer, and 
was selected as the attorney to prosecute robbers and 
murderers before popular tribunals organized to 
maintain public order. In this office he distinguished 
himself by his ability and absolute fearlessness. In 
1868 he removed to Helena, Montana, where he has 
since resided. Montana in those days was infested 
with "road agents," and it was due to him, in no small 
degree, that the famous "vigilantes" succeeded in 
restoring the reign of law and order in that territory. 
He brought the notorious Slade to justice, and it was 
on his motion, when there was some hesitation about 
carrying out the sentence imposed by the improvised 
court of the "vigilantes," that the murderer was "forth- 
with hanged." When order was restored Colonel 
Sanders practiced in the civil courts and engaged 



UNITED STATES SENATORS. 329 

quite extensively in mining and stock-raising. He 
has always been a pronounced republican, and in his 
political speeches he does not always refer to his 
democratic opponents in the most complimentary 
language. He is one of the readiest impromptu 
talkers in his state, and many are the stories told of 
his marvelous power of extempore eloquence. He is 
said to be equally at home before a vigilance com- 
mittee, a board of railway directors, a Browning 
society, or a political meeting in a miner's camp. 

Colonel Sanders has been a recognized leader of 
the republican party in Montana for twenty years. 
He was the republican candidate for delegate to con- 
gress in 1864, 1867, 1880, and 1886, but failed to 
overcome the democratic majority. He was a dele- 
gate to the republican national convention in 1868 
when General Grant was the first time nominated for 
the presidency; was again a delegate in 1872; and 
again in 1876 when Rutherford B. Hayes was nomi- 
nated; and was a delegate in the convention in 
Chicago in 1884 that selected James G. Blaine as the 
standard bearer of the republican party. Mr. Sanders 
was a member of the legislative assembly of Montana 
from 1872 till 1880, inclusive, and made himself felt 
in the discussion of every important measure before 
that body. His constituents always knew the con- 
victions of their representative; for he was never a 
"trimmer" on any question. In 1872 he was appointed 
by President Grant as United States attorney for 
Montana, but declined the proffered position. 



330 UNITED STATES SENATORS. 

For twenty-five years Mr. Sanders was president of 
the Historical society of Montana. 

In 1868 he was grand master of the grand lodge of 
Free and Accepted Masons of the then territory of 
Montana. 

He was elected to the United States senate as a 
republican January 1, 1890, and took his seat April 
15th of that year. His term of service will expire 
March 3, 1893. ^ n tne Fifty-first congress he served 
on the committee on enrolled bills, on the committee to 
examine the several branches of the civil service, on 
improvements of the Mississippi river, on Indian 
depredations, and on the select committee on irriga- 
tion and reclamation of arid lands. In the Fifty- 
second congress he was made chairman of the com- 
mittee on enrolled bills, and a member of the com- 
mittees on public lands, claims, patents, and private 
land claims — a flattering recognition by the present 
congress of his abilities. 

Senator Sanders is accompanied by Mrs. Sanders 
to Washington. 




THOMAS C. POWER. 



THOMAS C. POWER. 



UNITED STATES SENATOR FROM MONTANA. 



Thomas C. Power was born on a farm near Du- 
buque, Iowa, May 22, 1839. He received his primary 
education in the common schools, and took a three 
years' course of study in civil engineering at Sinsiniwa 
college, Wisconsin. He then followed his profession 
in summers and taught school in winters for three 
years. In i860 he went with a surveying party to 
Dakota. Soon thereafter he engaged in the mercan- 
tile business on the Missouri river, and continued in 
that business till 1867, in which year he located at 
Fort Benton, the head of navigation, and became 
president of the "Benton P." line of steamers. He is 
interested in cattle, mines, and various mercantile 
companies. He located in Helena, his present home, 
in 1878. He was elected a member of the first consti- 
tutional convention of Montana in 1883, was a dele- 
gate to the republican national convention in Chicago 
in 1888, and was nominated by the republicans of his 

333 






334 UNITED STATES SENATORS. 

state for governor in 1889, and was defeated by J. K. 
Toole, democrat, by 576 votes. He was elected to 
the United States senate January 2, 1890, and took his 
seat April 16th of the same year. His term of service 
will expire March 3, 1895. In the Fifty-first congress 
he served on the committees on immigration, rail- 
roads, revolutionary claims, and on the select com- 
mittee on the transportation and sale of meat pro- 
ducts. In the Fifty-second congress he was made 
chairman of the committe on civil service, and a mem- 
ber of the committees on fisheries, improvement of 
the Mississippi river, mines and mining, and railroads. 

Senator Power is a man of superior abilities, of 
great force of character, and is one of the strong men 
of his adopted state. 

Mr. Power is married and has a pleasant home in 
Helena, the capital of the state. 




CHARLES F. MANDERSON. 



CHARLES FREDERICK MANDERSON. 



UNITED STATES SENATOR FROM NEBRASKA. 



Charles F. Manderson was born of Scotch-Irish 
ancestry in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, February 9, 
1837, and received his education in the schools of his 
native city. 

At the age of nineteen he removed to Canton, Stark 
county, Ohio, studied law there and was admitted to 
the bar in 1859. In the spring of i860 he was elected 
city solicitor of Canton, Ohio, and was re-elected the 
next year. 

On the day of the receipt of the news of the firing 
on Fort Sumter he enlisted as a private with Captain 
James Wallace, of the Canton zouaves, in which com- 
pany he had been a corporal. Receiving permission, 
with Samuel Beatty, to raise a company of infantry, 
they raised a full company in one day in April, 1861, 
Manderson being chosen first lieutenant. In May, 
1 86 1, Beatty, the captain, being made colonel of the 
Nineteenth Ohio infantry, Manderson became captain 
of Company "A" of that regiment. He took his com- 
pany into West Virginia among the first troops to 

16 337 



338 UNITED STATES SENATORS. 

occupy that section and afterwards with McClellan's 
army participated in the first field battle of the war, 
Rich Mountain, in July, 1861. 

In the three years' service he rose rapidly through 
the grades of major, lieutenant-colonel and colonel of 
the Nineteenth Ohio infantry, and on January 1, 1864, 
over four hundred of his regiment re-enlisted with 
him as veteran volunteers. He was in command of 
his regiment after the battle of Shiloh and was 
frequently mentioned favorably and with high praise 
for gallantry and distinguished service in the official 
reports. He participated in all the campaigns of the 
middle west, among other battles being at Shiloh, 
Stones River, Murfreesboro, Tullahoma, Mission 
Ridge, Chattanooga and the conflicts of the Atlanta 
campaign under Sherman. 

While leading his demi-brigade in a charge upon 
the enemy's works at Lovejoy Station, Georgia, on 
September 2, 1864, ne was severely wounded in the 
spine and right side. The ball being unextracted and 
much disability arising therefrom he was compelled 
to resign the service from wounds in April, 1865, tne 
war in the west having closed. Previous to his resig- 
nation he had been brevetted brigadier-general of vol- 
unteers " for gallant, long continued and meritorious 
services during the war of the rebellion," which dis- 
tinction came to him on the recommendation of the 
army commanders in the field and not by political 
influence. 

Returning to Canton, Ohio, he resumed the practice 



UNITED STATES SENATORS. 339 

of law and was twice elected district attorney of Stark 
county, declining- a nomination for a third term. In 
1867 he came within one vote of receiving the repub- 
lican nomination for congress in a district in Ohio con- 
ceded to be republican by several thousand majority. 

In November, 1869, he removed to Omaha, Nebraska, 
where he still resides, and where he quickly became 
prominent in legal and political affairs. He was a mem- 
ber of the Nebraska state constitutional convention of 
1 87 1 and also that of 1874, being elected to both 
conventions without opposition by the nominations of 
both political parties. He served as city attorney of 
Omaha for over six years, obtaining signal success in 
the trial of important municipal cases and achieving 
high rank as a lawyer. 

In 1882, with other citizens, he organized the 
Omaha Savings bank, of which he has been the presi- 
dent, which has been most successful as the result of 
conservative management. For some years he has 
been active in the grand army of the republic, and 
for three years was commander of the military order 
of the loyal legion of the District of Columbia. 

While practicing his profession he was elected 
United States senator as a republican, to succeed 
Alvin Saunders, his term commencing March 4, 1883. 
He was re-elected to the senate in 1888 without oppo- 
sition and with exceptional and unprecedented marks 
of approval from the legislature of Nebraska. His 
term will expire March 3, 1895. 

As a senator he has been chairman of the joint 



340 UNITED STATES SENATORS. 

committee on printing and an active member of the 
following committees : claims, private land claims^ 
territories, Indian affairs, military affairs and rules. 
Many valuable reports have been made by him from 
these committees, and he has been a shaping and 
directing force in much of the legislation of value 
relating to claims, the establishing of the private land 
claims court, the government of the territories and 
admission of the new states, pensions of soldiers, aid 
to soldiers' homes, and laws for the better organiza- 
tion and improving the discipline of the United States 
army. 

In the second session of the Ffty-first congress he 
was elected by the senate as the president pro tempore, 
which had previously been declared by the senate 
after full debate to be a continuing office. This 
position he now holds. 

He is a sound thinker and a pleasing and convinc- 
ing speaker. Independence and self reliance have dis- 
tinguished his private and public career. 

In 1865 he married Rebecca S. Brown, daughter of 
Hon. James D. Brown of Canton, Ohio, and grand- 
daughter of Hon. John Harris, one of the pioneer 
settlers of Ohio and a lawyer of distinction. Mrs. 
Manderson resides with her husband in Washington 
during the sessions of congress. 




ALGERNON S. PADDOCK. 



ALGERNON SIDNEY PADDOCK. 



UNITED STATES SENATOR FROM NEBRASKA. 



Algernon S. Paddock was born at Glens Falls, 
Warren county, New York, November 9, 1830. He 
was educated at an academy in his native town, taking 
there the regular college course. After graduating, 
he studied law, and in the early spring of 1857 
removed to Nebraska, settling at Omaha, where he was 
soon after admitted to the bar. He took a promi- 
nent part in the general development of the territory 
and afterwards of the state. In 1858 he was a candi- 
date for the legislature, and in 1859 was a delegate to 
the first territorial republican convention. In i860 he 
was a delegate to the republican national convention 
in Chicago, which nominated Abraham Lincoln for 
president, and was also a delegate to the republican 
national convention at Baltimore in 1864, which 
re-nominated Mr. Lincoln. In 1861 he was appointed 
secretary of the territory of Nebraska by President 
Lincoln, and held this office until the admission of 
Nebraska as a state in 1867. A portion of this time 

343 



344 UNITED STATES SENATORS. 

he acted as governor of the territory. In 1866 he 
was an independent republican candidate for congress. 
In 1868 he was appointed governor of Wyoming 
territory, but declined to accept the office. 

In 1873 he removed from Omaha to Beatrice, where 
he has since resided. In the latter city he engaged in 
the manufacture of hydraulic cement and farming and 
stock-raising, in all of which he was very successful. 
His original farm of two hundred and forty acres on 
which he settled, is now mostly in the city, and 
electric lights, gas and water mains, and street-car 
lines traverse it in many direction. "Alemma Place," 
his picturesque and handsome home, is situated in a 
close inlying suburb of the city, on a slight eminence, 
affording a complete view of the surrounding country 
for miles. 

He was elected United States senator from Nebraska 
as a republican, to succeed Thomas W. Tipton, receiv- 
ing nearly all the votes of both the republican and 
democratic members of the legislature, and took his 
seat in the senate March 4, 1875, and served until 
March 3, 1881. In June, 1882, he was appointed by 
President Arthur as a member of the Utah commission, 
on which he served until October 1, 1886, when he 
resigned to become a candidate again for the senate. 
He was elected in January, 1887, to succeed Charles 
H. VanWyck, and took his seat in March following, 
for the term expiring March 3, 1893. 

In congress Senator Paddock has served on the 
committees on agriculture and forestry, contingent 



UNITED STATES SENATORS. 345 

expenses of the senate, pensions, public lands, improv- 
ing the Mississippi river, and on the special com- 
mittee on Indian depredations. He is chairman of 
the committee on agriculture and forestry, and has 
been an intelligent and hard working member, and 
has made a record of which any public official might 
justly feel proud. 

Senator Paddock married in his early manhood 
Miss Emma Mack, like the senator, a native of New 
York state, and they have three children, two daugh- 
ters and a son. The elder daughter is married to 
Mr. O. J. Collman. The second daughter, Miss 
Frances, a young lady of rare accomplishments, is a 
favorite in Washington society as well as at the home 
of the family in Beatrice. The youngest member of 
the family is Algernon Frank, a young man of 
promise. So closely linked are the thoughts and 
desires of this model family that their home coming 
after a season in Washington, is ever a source of 
delight to each member, where the environments are 
such as are only known in the truly happy household. 
The senator is in every essential thoroughly domestic, 
and the family is thoroughly unselfish and at all times 
and in all places ever mindful of the desires and com- 
forts of others. 

At no Beatrice home, whether in or out of season, 
is a more cheerful welcome assured in advance of a 
call, than at "Alemma Place," and memories of some 
of the most notable and brilliant social affairs ever 
given in the city are associated with it. 



346 UNITED STATES SENATORS. 

As might easily be surmised the senator's callers 
while at home are very frequent, but never a deaf ear 
is turned to one, however humble the visitor, which 
has doubtless given the senator much of his deserved 
popularity, for he is known to be in close touch with 
his constituency. 

After his home and family, the city of Beatrice and 
Nebraska, are his pride, and he never tires in extolling 
the beauties, commercial, social and educational ad- 
vantages of his town and state. He is largely 
interested in the commercial welfare of Beatrice and 
has expended many thousands of dollars towards 
enhancing its beauty and commercial standing. The 
Paddock block, a handsome structure containing a 
large hotel and opera house, is a substantial monu- 
ment to his public spirit and enterprise. He also has 
large investments in Omaha, but his home city is 
always his first thought. 

Senator Paddock has been successful in farming, in 
stock-raising, and in manufacturing, and is a part of 
his constituency, having a thorough knowledge of the 
wants of the people of his state from actual experience. 



SOk 



40" 



..%&. 




WILLIAM M. STEWART. 



WILLIAM MORRIS STEWART. 



UNITED STATES SENATOR FROM NEVADA. 



William M. Stewart was born in Lyons, Wayne 
county, New York, August 9, 1827. When six years 
old the family moved to Trumbull county, Ohio. He 
attended the common schools and Farmington 
academy, and returning to Lyons the youth prepared 
for college in the Union school. From the age of 
thirteen he depended solely upon manual labor and 
teaching. With his small savings and the aid of a 
Mr. James C. Smith, a young lawyer, who since became 
a judge of the New York supreme court, he entered 
Yale college, remaining until early in 1850, when he 
went to California, via the Isthmus of Panama, arriv- 
ing in San Francisco on the 7th of May. Proceeding 
immediately to the mines, for two years he engaged in 
prospecting, mining, and constructing canals. One of 
these, twenty miles in length, is still used in Nevada 
county, California. It was surveyed by him in 185 1, 
and constructed along the mountain side by the aid 
of rude levels made by himself. Early in 1852 Mr. 

349 



350 UNITED STATES SENATORS. 

Stewart commenced the study of law, was admitted to 
practice the following fall, and appointed district 
attorney of Nevada county, and in 1853 was elected 
to the same office. In 1854 he was appointed attorney 
general of California and served for six months. 

In 1855 he married Miss Annie E. Foote, daughter 
of the Mississippi senator and statesman, Henry S. 
Foote, then a citizen of California. Mrs. Stewart is a 
lady of fine intellect and accomplishments, having the 
mastery of several languages, widely travelled, and 
possessed by inheritance and training of the social 
tact and sagacity that so well befits the wife of a 
public man. 

Mr. Stewart during these years easily became one 
of the leaders of a bar famous for ability. On the 
discovery of the Comstock lode in the spring of i860 
he removed to Virginia City, Nevada, and was 
immediately retained by the original lode claimants. 
The Comstock lode, some miles in length, was indi- 
cated on the surface by croppings several hundred 
feet in width. The first locators, according to rules 
and regulations which they made, claimed the same 
with all its dips, spurs, and angles. A population of 
from 15,000 to 20,000 soon gathered. Thousands of 
claims were located parallel to the original ones, 
under the assumption that the Comstock was a system 
of parallel veins and not a single lode. Mr. Stewart 
contended from the first for the latter, and his views 
were termed the "one lode theory." The result was 
the most important mining litigation that has taken 



UNITED STATES SENATORS. 35 I 

place in the United States, but the "one lode theory" 
finally prevailed. The titles of the original locators 
were judiciously confirmed. Mr. Stewart naturally 
became a commanding figure and the leader in this 
great controversy, whose exciting history would fill 
volumes. 

Being a union man and a republican from convic- 
tion, Mr. Stewart was most active in the animated 
controversies of the period, which determined whether 
Utah and California should remain loyal. His ser- 
vices to the union cause during that stru(jo"le were 
most important. Mr. Stewart served one term in the 
territorial council, assisting in organizing the territorial 
government framed in 1 86 1. He was a member of 
the constitutional convention in 1863. The next year 
Nevada was admitted into the union and Mr. Stewart 
was elected the first senator; his colleague, elected 
next day, was James W. Nye, the first territorial gov- 
ernor. Mr. Stewart served five years, and was in 
1869 again elected, serving until March 4, 1875. His 
fortune having become somewhat impaired he then 
declined a re-election. These first eleven years in the 
senate embraced a large part of the most notable 
portion of American political, financial, and economic 
history. An active supporter of the war legislation, 
before the fourteenth amendment was offered, Mr. 
Stewart proposed a plan of reconstruction which pro- 
vided for universal amnesty and universal suffrage. 
Under this the southern states could have prevented 
suffrage restrictions, because of participation in the 



35 2 UNITED STATES SENATORS. 

rebellion. Voters of the same class that supported 
secession would thus have brought their states back 
into the union, provided only that there should be no 
distinction between persons thereafter to become 
voters on account of race, color, or previous condition 
of servitude. His plan was not adopted. The legis- 
lation which followed involved the organization of 
southern state governments by colored voters acting 
with whites, not disfranchised, who were willing to 
participate. When President Grant was elected, Mr. 
Stewart, as a member of the judiciary committee, 
wrote, reported, and secured the fifteenth amendment, 
afterwards ratified through the influence of President 
Grant. 

Mr. Stewart was the author of our national mining 
laws, recognizing and continuing all local mining 
regulations then in existence. These have grown into 
a system of common law admirably adapted to the 
use of our mining communities. From 1858, when 
the mines were discovered, to 1866, when the first 
mining law was passed by congress, the settlement of 
the mining region was in violation of United States 
statutes. Legally, all were trespassers. Mr. Stewart 
contended that non-action had created equities that 
rested upon broad principles of natural right, such as 
the government could not ignore. This view was first 
argued before the United States supreme court in the 
celebrated case of Hearst and Strong vs. Sparrow 
(3 Wallace) by Mr. Stewart against Mr. O'Connor, 
who contended that the court had no jurisdiction be- 



UNITED STATES SENATORS. 353 

cause both parties were trespassers. The court 
sustained the jurisdiction, and in explanation ordered 
a senatorial speech of Mr. Stewart, explaining the 
situation, to be printed in an appendix to the report. 

On retiring from the senate in 1875 Mr. Stewart 
resumed his legal practice on the Pacific coast. He has 
been constantly engaged in the most exciting and im- 
portant mining, land, and railroad cases. In 1886-7 
he was again elected to the United States senate and 
his present term will expire March 4, 1893. In the 
senate since his re-election he has devoted himself 
particularly to the remonetization of silver, and the 
subject of irrigation. Upon the money question his 
writings and speeches would fill a large volume. They 
have been extensively circulated. As a member of 
the republican national convention of 1888 he framed 
and secured a silver plank in the party platform. In 
the Fifty-first congress Mr. Stewart strongly opposed 
the federal elections bill, making two memorable 
speeches against it. The first is a review of recon- 
struction history and an argument against the legis- 
lative policy proposed. The second, delivered on the 
24th of January, 1891, is esteemed the most effective 
effort of his life. In it he argued that such legislation 
was a blow at self-government, interfering vitally with 
the freedom necessary for local elections, and thereby 
menaced the rights of the people to conduct their 
state elections. 

Mr. Stewart is of striking appearance, and in stature 
over six feet. With increasing years he has rounded 



354 UN [TED STATES SENATORS. 

out until he presents a finely proportioned frame, 
amply endowed with vital energy and activity. Not 
an orator, perhaps, the senator is, however, a most 
effective speaker and a close and vigorous parliamen- 
tary and forensic debater. He is a man of full brain 
and constant study, ready speech and open courage, 
easy in manner and ready in delivery. His voice is 
mellow, full, and strong, and it can be loud on occa- 
sions. In off hand debate the Nevada senator is 
peculiarly effective, as his sentences are pointed, 
incisive, and often axiomatic in character. A large 
well-rounded head, thinly covered with hair, once 
auburn, but now white, a long face with ample, flowing 
beard, strong features, healthy, florid complexion, a 
pair of keen but kindly blue eyes — these, with his 
massive frame and stature, make William M. Stewart 
a most notable figure in the senate and public life. 
In private life he is beloved and esteemed by all. 
A man of thoroughly democratic sympathies, great 
kindness of heart and courtesy of manner, he is 
indeed what a life-long friend has said of him — "an 
honest gentleman." 




JOHN P. JONES. 



JOHN P. JONES. 



UNITED STATES SENATOR FROM NEVADA. 



John P. Jones was born in Herefordshire, England, 
in 1830, but came with his parents to the United 
States before he was a year old and settled in northern 
Ohio near Cleveland. As a boy he attended the 
public schools of Cleveland for a few years, but had 
no further education. When the gold excitement 
broke out in 1849 M r - Jones, then a boy of nineteen, 
warmed with enthusiasm, and went to California, 
locating in an inland county, where he engaged in 
both farming and mining, and with such success that 
he continued thus engaged for the next seventeen 
years. While in California he served in both houses 
of the state legislature. In 1867 he removed to Ne- 
vada and went into extensive mining operations, in 
which he soon acquired a large fortune. 

In 1872 he was elected United States senator as the 
successor of James W. Nye, and took his seat March 
4, 1873. He was re-elected in 1879, again re-elected 
in 1885, and again in 1890. The latter term will 
expire March 3, 1897. 

In the senate Mr. Jones has served on such com- 

357 



358 UNITED STATES SENATORS. 

mittees as finance, commerce, mines and mining, and 
has been chairman of the committee on contingent 
expenses of the senate. 

Although Mr. Jones is one of the "millionaire 
senators," he is much more than a millionaire; he is 
recognized by his colleagues as one of the best read 
and best informed men in congress, and as a master 
of all that relates to coinage and finance. His 
speeches on these subjects are a mine of information, 
and have proved a veritable arsenal for the "silver 
men" in both houses. He and his colleague, Senator 
Stewart, in the Fifty-first congress, were opposed to 
the federal election bill and the closure rule, and were 
both in favor of placing silver on a parity with gold 
as a coin. 

Senator Jones is generally popular among his col- 
leagues; and he was an especial friend of General 
Grant, who considered him one of the strongest men 
in the senate, and often relied on his advice and 
assistance. To Mr. Jones' influence was ascribed the 
vetoing of the inflation bill in 1874 by President 
Grant. He is now serving his fourth term in the 
senate. He has great business talent and acquire- 
ments, and long experience, all of which give him 
special adaptation to public service. 

His home is at Gold Hill, Nevada; he is married, 
and he and Mrs. Jones reside in Washington during 
the sessions of congress. 




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WILLIAM E. CHANDLER. 



WILLIAM EATON CHANDLER. 



UNITED STATES SENATOR FROM NEW HAMPSHIRE. 



William E. Chandler was born in Concord, New 
Hampshire, December 28, 1835. ^ e was educated in 
the public schools of his native town, studied law for 
a time in Concord and then entered the Harvard Law 
school, from which he graduated in 1855. For several 
years after his admission to the bar he practiced in 
Concord, and in 1859 was appointed reporter of the 
decisions of the New Hampshire supreme court, and 
published five volumes of reports. From the time of 
his coming of age Mr. Chandler was actively con- 
nected with the republican party, serving first as 
secretary, and afterward as chairman of the state 
republican committee. In 1862, and in 1863 and 
again in 1864 he was elected to the New Hampshire 
house of representatives, of which he was speaker the 
last two terms. In 1864 he was employed by the 
navy department as special counsel to prosecute the 
17 361 



362 UNITED STATES SENATORS. 

Philadelphia navy-yard frauds, and on March 9, 1865, 
was appointed first solicitor and judge-advocate gen- 
eral of the navy department. On the 1 7th of June, 
1865, he was appointed first assistant secretary of the 
treasury. On November 30, 1867, he resigned this 
position and resumed the practice of law. During 
the next thirteen years, although occupying no official 
position except that of member of the constitutional 
convention of New Hampshire in 1876, he continued 
to take an active part in politics. He was a delegate 
from his state to the republican national convention 
in 1868, and was secretary of the national committee 
from that year till 1876. In that year he advocated 
the claims of the Hayes electors in Florida before 
the canvassing board of that state, and subsequently 
was one of the counsel to prepare the case submitted 
by the republican side to the electoral commission. 
Mr. Chandler, however, afterward became an espe- 
cially outspoken opponent of the Hayes administra- 
tion. In 1880 he was a delegate to the republican 
national convention, and served as a member of the 
committee on credentials, in which place he was active 
in securing the report in favor of district representa- 
tion, which was adopted by the convention. During 
the subsequent campaign he was a member of the 
national committee. On March 23, 1881, he was 
nominated by President Garfield as United States 
solicitor-general, but the senate refused to confirm the 
nomination, the vote being nearly on party lines. In 
the same year he was again a member of the New 



UNITED STATES SENATORS. 363 

Hampshire legislature. On April 12, 1882, he was 
appointed by President Arthur as secretary of the 
navy, and served in the cabinet until March 7, 1885. 
Among the important measures carried out by him 
were the simplification and reduction of the unwieldy 
navy-yard establishment; the limitation of the number 
of annual appointments to the actual wants of the 
naval service; the discontinuance of the extravagant 
policy of repairing worthless vessels; and the begin- 
ning of a modern navy in the construction of the four 
new cruisers recommended by the advisory board. 
The organization and successful voyage of the Greely 
relief expedition in 1884 were largely due to his 
personal efforts. Mr. Chandler was a strenuous 
advocate of uniting with the other nautical branches 
of the federal administration, including the light-house 
establishments, the coast survey, and the revenue 
marine, upon the principle first set forth by him, that 
"the officers and seamen of the navy should be em- 
ployed to perform all the work of the national gov- 
ernment upon or in direct connection with the ocean." 

After leaving the cabinet Mr. Chandler became the 
controlling owner of the daily " Monitor," a republican 
newspaper, and its weekly edition, the " Statesman," 
published in Concord, New Hampshire. 

As a political manager, Mr. Chandler is shrewd, 
alert, and energetic; as a journalist, outspoken, parti- 
san, and aggressive. 

He was elected to the United States senate June 14, 
1887, to fill tne unexpired term of Austin F. Pike, 



364 UNITED STATES SENATORS. 

deceased, which ended March 3, 1889. He was 
re-elected that year, and his term will expire March 
3. 1895. 

In the Fiftieth congress Senator Chandler was 
chairman of the committee on Indian traders. He 
was chairman of the committee on immigration in the 
Fifty-first and Fifty-second, and has served on the 
committees on naval affairs, railroads, improvement 
of the Mississippi river, additional accomodations for 
the congressional library, epidemic diseases, Indian 
depredations, inter-state commerce, and privileges 
and elections. While he has at various times served 
on a number of committees, yet his most earnest work 
has been on the committees on immigration and naval 
affairs. 

Mr. Chandler is married, and resides with his family 
in Washington during the sessions of congress. 




JACOB H. CALLINCER. 



JACOB H. GALLINGER. 



UNITED STATES SENATOR FROM NEW HAMPSHIRE. 



Jacob H. Gallinger was born in Cornwall, Ontario, 
March 28, 1837. As a farmer's boy he attended the 
common schools and academy. Afterward he became 
a printer, but while still young the opportunity to 
study medicine changed his plans, and he left the 
printers' case for a course in that science, and was 
graduated in May, 1858, and has practiced medicine 
and surgery since, obtaining some eminence in his 
profession, his services being called for not only in his 
own state, but outside of its boundaries also. He is a 
member of various state and national medical socie- 
ties. Dr. Gallinger has the degree of Master of Arts 
from Dartmouth college, and is generally recognized 
as a man of learning and of more than ordinary 
executive ability and force of character. 

But it is in political life that he is best and most 
widely known. He was elected to the state house of 
representatives of New Hampshire in 1872, 1873, and 
again in 1891. He was a member of the state consti- 
tutional convention in 1876, and took a prominent 
part in the proceedings. In 1878 he was elected to 
the state senate, and was re-elected in 1879 and again 

367 



368 UNITED STATES SENATORS. 

in 1880, and was chosen to the presidency of that 
body the last two years. After a hot contest with 
Chas. H. Burns in 1882 he was made chairman of 
the republican state central committee, and served by 
re-elections until 1890, when he resigned the position. 
As chairman he proved a most adroit and intelligent 
manager. In 1879 and 1880 he was surgeon-general 
of New Hampshire with the rank of brigadier-general. 
In 1884 he was elected to the house of representatives 
of the national congress, and at the end of the first 
term was re-elected, but declined to be a candidate 
again. In congress he took a prominent part in party 
debates, and made not a little reputation in the 
investigation of the conduct of the government print- 
ing office in Washington. Dr. Gallinger was a dele- 
gate to the national republican convention held in 
Chicago in June, 1888, and was chairman of the New 
Hampshire delegation. He seconded the nomination 
of Mr. Harrison. In the republican senatorial caucus 
in the New Hampshire legislature of June, 1889, he 
received sixty votes against W. E. Chandler, but was 
defeated by that gentleman In 1891 he was elected 
United States senator to succeed Henry W. Blair, and 
took his seat March 4, 1891, for the term ending 
March 3, 1897. ^ n tne Fifty-second congress he was 
placed on the committees on civil service, manufac- 
tures, pensions, District of Columbia, and epidemic 
diseases. 

Dr. Gallinger is married and resides at Concord. 
Mrs. Gallinger spends the winters in Washington. 



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JOHN R. MCPHERSON. 



JOHN RODERICK McPHERSON. 



UNITED STATES SENATOR FROM NEW JERSEY. 



John R. McPherson was born at York, Livingston 
county, New York, May 9, 1833. He first received a 
common school and an academic education. When 
eighteen years old he started to fight the battle for 
existence as a farmer and stock-raiser, and by dint of 
very hard work was moderately successful. In those 
days the young man, whose strong features betrayed 
his Scotch origin, might have been seen in the gray 
dawn crossing the North river ferries with his cattle, 
to and from the market. 

Thirty years ago John R. McPherson was unknown 
beyond the limits of his own district, which was then 
in and around what is now known as Park Place, New 
York city, but was then called Robinson street. On 
that street he lived in a small inn, and was engaged in 
buying and selling cattle. 

A short time after the war broke out Mr. McPherson 
entered into partnership with some friends and estab- 

371 



372 UNITED STATES SENATORS. 

lished great cattle-yards at Hudson City, New Jersey, 
near the western end of the Erie railway tunnel. By 
far the greater portion of the cattle which were then 
shipped to New York came over the Erie line. Con- 
sequently the new yards were liberally patronized, 
and prospered. Then he made the first great hit of his 
life. He acquainted himself with the French abattoir 
system, and poor though the start was, he rapidly im- 
proved upon the original till the stock-yards reached 
almost perfection, and have now become an institution 
national in their importance. Everything that he 
touched seemed to turn to gold. His real-estate 
investments were as successful as his cattle dealings, 
and he was still a young man when he found himself 
a millionaire. Attracted by his rapid successes, the 
prominent men of that city sought his advice in busi- 
ness and public affairs, and many a man there to-day 
owes his prosperity to the counsel he received from 
Mr. McPherson. 

Having become wealthy, the subject of this sketch 
turned his attention somewhat to politics. His first 
public office was in the common council of Hudson 
City. When that city was consolidated with Jersey City 
he became an alderman in the new municipality and 
served several terms, during part of which time he 
was president of the board. In 1868 he was a candi- 
date for the office of state senator from Hudson 
county, but was defeated for the position. But by 
1 871 he had matured his plans, and again entered the 
race for the state senatorship and was elected by a 



UNITED STATES SENATORS. 373 

good majority. In all the business that came before 
the senate at Trenton, John R. McPherson took a 
prominent and creditable part. 

To drift back from politics to business, he estab- 
lished in Jersey City the People's Gas Light company 
and was elected its president, and he was particularly 
successful in establishing savings banks there, none 
of which has ever failed. 

In less than twelve years Mr. McPherson raised 
himself from comparative obscurity to a position of 
proud eminence. In 1876 he was a presidential 
elector on the Tilden and Hendricks ticket, and in 
1877, when he was but forty-four years of age, he 
was elected United States senator to succeed Fred- 
erick T. Frelinghuysen, and took his seat March 5, 
1877. He was re-elected in 1883, and again in 1889. 
His present term of service will expire March 3, 1895. 
It is said that when Senator McPherson had delivered 
his maiden speech in the senate, the late Roscoe 
Conkling walked over to the new member from 
Jersey, and in the most public manner complimented 
him upon it. In those days Roscoe Conkling had 
great power in Washington, and approbation from 
him was praise indeed. 

In the senate Mr. McPherson has served on such 
committees as finance, immigration, naval affairs, 
territories, coast defenses, and the select committee 
to investigate the condition of the Potomac river 
in front of Washington, and his industry and good 
judgment are appreciated by his colleagues. 



374 UNITED STATES SENATORS. 

Of late years Senator McPherson has taken a more 
important part in national politics. He is a great 
admirer of Mr. Cleveland, his intimacy with the ex- 
president dating back to the national convention of 
1884. Such an admiration did Mr. Cleveland have 
for the senator that, when Daniel Manning resigned 
the secretaryship of the treasury, Mr. Cleveland 
wished to hand the portfolio to the senator from New 
Jersey; but as the legislature at Trenton was then 
controlled by the republicans, the resignation of Mr. 
McPherson would have been equivalent to making the 
republican party a present of a United States sen- 
atorship. For that reason only was his appointment 
deemed unadvisable. 

The McKinley bill made Senator McPherson one 
of the most conspicuous leaders of the democrats, 
owing to the masterly way in which he presented 
nearly every amendment offered in behalf of his 
colleagues to the bill in the senate. He, too, was one 
of the three democratic senators who had the boldness 
to vote against the free coinage measure. Since then 
his name has been prominently mentioned as a presi- 
dential possibility. He is an ambitious man, who will 
pursue whatever he attempts with indomitable courage 
and perseverance. So far, he has succeeded in every 
important scheme he has devised. 

Senator McPherson is a very striking looking man. 
He is what in monarchical countries would be called 
highly aristocratic in appearance. He is over six feet 
in height, broad-shouldered, spare, and sinewy. He 



UNITED STATES SENATORS. 375 

has a magificent brow, which overshadows a pair of 
large blue-gray eyes, deep set in their sockets, 
piercing at times, and yet often kindly in their melan- 
choly. His nose is large and strong, high-arched, and 
very prominent. His thin, expanding nostrils seem to 
indicate high aspirations, and determination is written 
on his strong jaw. Always well and even fashionably 
dressed, he is a figure that cannot pass without notice 
as he strides along the streets of Washington, with 
long steps, toward the capitol. 

But it is when Senator McPherson speaks that you 
discover his greatest charm. His voice is rich, clear, 
and musical, with just enough of the ancestral "burr" 
about it to be agreeable. His manner is graceful and 
earnest. His memory is wonderful. Busy man as he 
has been, he has always found time to study, and the 
fund of information he has accumulated is a wonder 
to his friends. Everything he reads he remembers, and 
he can recite from memory page after page of the 
classics, whether of state-craft, history, philosophy, or 
poetry. Though not a lawyer, his familiarity with legal 
authorities and his knowledge of parliamentary prac- 
tice indicate a volume of reading which many an able 
lawyer in congress lacks. Cool, composed, self-re- 
liant, and alert, he always shows himself to the best 
advantage in an emergency. He is broad and liberal 
in his views, and, while holding on tenaciously to what 
he thinks right, he not only appreciates but even 
courts a difference of opinion. No one, it is said, ever 
saw him in a passion. 



376 UNITED STATES SENATORS. 

Senator McPherson has ever shown himself a kind 
friend to the poorer classes. Many a poor man has 
he established in business. The struofelinQf and 
honest have always found in him a firm friend. To 
help deserving men with small means he erected in 
Jersey City, Newark, Philadelphia, and other cities 
blocks of commodious two-story brick dwelling-houses 
which were rented for a moderate price. 

Senator McPherson is a most delightful companion, 
but he rather shuns promiscuous society, though 
always happy when he is with his real friends. He 
looks upon life too seriously to care for pleasure- 
seeking. His wife, a very refined woman and one who 
has seen much of the world, is a charming hostess, 
and no drawing-rooms in Washington are more popu- 
lar than hers. 




RUFUS BLODGETT. 



RUFUS BLODGETT. 



UNITED STATES SENATOR FROM NEW JERSEY. 



Rufus Blodgett, of Long Branch, was born in Dor- 
chester, Grafton county, in the central part of the 
state of New Hampshire, October 9, 1834. In his 
boyhood he attended the public schools of his native 
town and subsequently took an academic course. 
When he was eighteen years of age he was appren- 
ticed to the Amoskeage Locomotive works of Man- 
chester, New Hampshire, where he learned the trade 
of locomotive building. His industry, quick percep- 
tions, and thorough business qualities soon made him 
a favorite with the company, and he was entrusted 
with much of the business management of the con- 
cern. In 1866 he removed to the state of New Jersey 
and engaged in railroad business, and has since been 
so engaged. He settled at Long Branch, soon be- 

379 



380 UNITED STATES SENATORS. 

came one of its leading citizens, and was successful 
in his business enterprises. He assisted in organizing 
the first national bank in that place, and became its 
president. He was elected to the house of assembly 
of the New Jersey legislature, and served in that body 
from 1878 to 1880. He proved to be a good, con- 
servative business member. In 1880 he was a dele- 
gate to the national democratic convention at Cincin- 
nati, which nominated General Hancock for the presi- 
dency. He was elected to the United States senate 
as a democrat to succeed Hon. W. J. Sewell, republi- 
can, and took his seat March 4, 1887, for the term 
expiring March 3, 1893. 

In congress, Senator Blodgett has served on such 
committees as census, fisheries, manufactures, pensions, 
postoffices and post roads. 




DAVID B. HILL. 



DAVID B. HILL. 



UNITED STATES SENATOR FROM NEW YORK. 



David Bennett Hill was born in the village of Ha- 
vana, Schuyler — then Chemung — county, New York, 
August 29, 1843. His father, Caleb Hill, who died in 
the village of Waverly, where he was making a visit, 
in December, 1882, was born in Windham county, 
Connecticut, in the early part of the present century. 
In his youth he emigrated to the state of New York, 
and for many years carried on business as a carpen- 
ter and joiner at Havana. At an early age he mar- 
ried Eunice Durfey, also of Connecticut, a woman of 
superior intelligence and rare force of character, who 
bore him three sons and two daughters. Both of the 
latter died young. Mrs. Hill died in Elmira in Aug- 
ust, 1 882. Although not blessed with a superabundance 
of the world's goods, Caleb Hill was rich in love for 
his family. Intelligent, industrious, and affectionate, 
he provided his children with a good common-school 
education, and he had the satisfaction of knowing 
that they appreciated it, and also of living to see all 

383 



384 UNITED STATES SENATORS. 

three of his sons attain to prosperity and honor. 
One of the sons studied medicine and is now a prac- 
ticing physician in Missouri. Another, a merchant in 
the same state, recently died. David, the youngest son, 
and the subject of this sketch, inherited all his mother's 
strong characteristics, and was noted as a boy for 
his brightness and ambition. He needed no spurring 
to make the most of his limited educational opportu- 
nities and, at the age of seventeen, having graduated 
at the Havana academy, and thus exhausted the 
school advantages of his native place, he entered with 
spirit into the task of earning his own living. While 
employed as clerk in the office of one of the principal 
lawyers of Havana, he attracted the notice of Col. 
John I. Lawrence, a cousin of Judge Abraham Law- 
rence, of New York city, who took great interest in 
his progress, and advised him to study law and enter 
the legal profession. This advice accorded well with 
young Hill's tastes and ambition, and he lost no time 
in following it. In 1863 he went to Elmira at the in- 
stance of Erastus P. Hart, an able lawyer of that 
place, whose attention he had attracted, in whose 
office and under whose supervision he qualified for 
practice. He was admitted to the bar in Novem- 
ber, 1864, and, establishing himself in Elmira, entered 
at once upon the duties of his profession. From his 
earliest youth he took a deep interest in politics, and 
on coming of age he accepted the privileges of citizen- 
ship as a sacred duty, having claims paramount to all 
others, even those of business. His earnestness and 



UNITED STATES SENATORS. 385 

ardor were appreciated by his fellow-citizens, and 
within a month after his admission to the bar he was 
appointed city attorney. His first years of legal prac- 
tice were marked by many notable sucesses, and with 
a rapidity surprising under all the circumstances, he 
rose to a leading position at the bar of the southern 
tier. His politics were of the democratic school, per- 
haps of the " old school," for from the first he was an 
enthusiastic admirer of the principles of Jefferson, and 
as such naturally attached himself to the democratic 
party, in the local counsels of which his worth was 
quickly appreciated and his services welcomed. In 
1868 he was chosen to represent Chemung county at 
the democratic state convention, and in the year 1870, 
at the age of twenty-seven years, he was nominated 
by the democrats for the assembly and was elected. 
With one exception he was the youngest member, but 
nevertheless served on several of the most important 
committees — judiciary, railroad, and privileges and 
elections — with distinction. Before the expiration of 
his term he was renominated and re-elected, and 
served until the close of 1872 — two terms. The legis- 
lature of 1872 was the celebrated reform legislature 
resulting from the exposure of the ring frauds. In 
the assembly there were only twenty-six democratic 
members out of 125, one of whom was Samuel J. 
Tilden. The judiciary committee was composed of 
seven republicans and two democrats — Mr. Tilden 
and Mr. Hill. The veteran leader instantly recog- 
nized the remarkable abilities of his young colleague, 
18 



386 UNITED STATES SENATORS. 

and there quickly sprang up between them a warm 
political and personal friendship which continued to 
increase with passing years. Under the leadership of 
Mr. Tilden the judiciary committee was called upon 
to investigate the scandalous and corrupt conduct of 
the ring judges of New York city, and the active 
energies of young Hill gave timely and able assist- 
ance to the plans of the great reform leader. The 
committee reported in favor of the impeachment of 
Barnard — Cardoza resigning in order to escape — and 
Mr. Hill was elected by the assembly one of the man- 
agers of the prosecution before the senate, receiving 
1 04 votes out of a total of 1 1 o. It was owing in no small 
part to his efforts that Barnard was at last convicted. 
Durino- his first term in the assembly he interested 
himself in the matter of prison labor, and framed and 
presented a bill abolishing contract convict labor. 
This measure he warmly advocated in the interests of 
the honest workingmen of the state, and delivered in 
the assembly a very powerful speech upon the subject 
which attracted wide attention. Through his earnest 
efforts the bill passed the assembly, but failed in the 
senate, owing to its not being reached before the 
close of the session. Mr. Hill's able efforts in behalf 
of this measure were noted and appreciated by the 
great body of workingmen in the state, and at the 
first convention of the labor organizations held there- 
after, a resolution thanking him for his services was 
passed with enthusiasm, and subsequently a hand- 
somely engrossed copy of it was sent to him. In 



UNITED STATES SENATORS. 387 

1875 Mr. Hill was appointed by Governor Tilden, 
with William M. Evarts, Judge Hand, and other 
prominent men, on the commission to provide uni- 
form charters for the cities of the state, but declined 
to serve on account of professional engagements. 
Having ably performed his duties as a delegate in the 
state convention of 1868, he was regularly chosen by 
his democratic fellow-citizens to represent them in 
each of its successors for a dozen years or more, and 
in 1877 and again in 1881 he was the president of the 
convention, which in each of these years met in 
Albany. For many years he was a member of the 
democratic state committee. In 1876 and 1884 he 
was a delegate to the national conventions which 
nominated Tilden and Cleveland respectively. In the 
spring of 1882, at the expiration of his term as alder- 
man in the common council of Elmira, to which office 
he had been elected the previous year, Mr. Hill, while 
absent from the city, was placed in nomination for 
mayor. In the canvass he developed extraordinary 
strength, and was again successful, leading his ticket 
largely and winning the contest by a handsome ma- 
jority of nearly 400 over one of the strongest and 
most popular republican candidates for the office ever 
put in the field, who received 500 majority two years 
before, and whose administration had been very suc- 
cessful and popular. In accepting the nomination 
Mr. Hill emphatically announced that he believed 
the government of a city should be conducted on 
business principles, and that if elected he would 



388 UNITED STATES SENATORS. 

endeavor to so conduct it. His administration, though 
brief, was brilliant, and was signalized by several im- 
portant reforms which not only gave him additional 
strength locally, but also extended his reputation as 
a reformer throughout the state. In another city in 
the state, another democratic mayor, Grover Cleve- 
land, was also winning golden opinions on all hands 
by a series of vigorous reform measures which were 
instituted and carried out almost simultaneously with 
those conducted by Mayor Hill in Elmira. But neither 
of them then seemed to comprehend that he was 
laying up a heavy political capital by this close atten- 
tion to his bounden duty, and each worked on in his 
circumscribed sphere, actuated by a single thought, 
fidelity to the trust he had sworn to administer in 
honor. At the democratic state convention held in 
Syracuse in September, 1882, both gentlemen were 
backed by strong delegations for the chief places on 
the ticket. On the third ballot Mayor Cleveland, of 
Buffalo, who had received the earnest and active sup- 
port of Mr. Hill and his friends, was unanimously 
nominated for the office of governor. On the after- 
noon of the same day, September 22, Mr. Hill's name 
was presented for the office of lieutenant-governor. It 
was received with cheers. George Raines, of Roch- 
ester, who had been a rival candidate for the nomina- 
tion, gracefully seconded Mr. Hill's claims, and asked 
that his nomination be made by acclamation. Sev- 
eral prominent political leaders, representing the var- 
ious factions of the democracy of the state, each 



UNITED STATES SENATORS. 389 

spoke a good word for Mr. Hill, and the nomination 
was made unanimous. Probably no ticket ever put 
in the field in the state of New York was welcomed 
with more sincerity or more generally supported. 
Thousands of citizens who for years had been unswerv- 
ing in their allegience to the republican party, now 
eagerly supported the reform candidates, who at the 
election held November n, 1882, were chosen to the 
respective offices for which they were nominated, 
Grover Cleveland receiving a plurality of 196,854 
and Mr. Hill receiving a plurality of over 195,000, a 
victory absolutely unprecedented in the history of 
state elections. Mr. Hill assumed his duties as lieu- 
tenant-governor of the state of New York and presi- 
dent of the state senate, January 1, 1883. He filled 
the position with ability, and, as a presiding officer in 
the senate, was noted for the wisdom and justice of 
his rulings and remarkable and complete mastery of 
parliamentary law. During the session of 1883, 
when the capitol commission bill was before the sen- 
ate, he ruled that the refusal to vote of senators who 
were in their" seats did not prevent the chair from 
taking cognizance of their presence in order to con- 
stitute a quorum — a decision which was sustained by 
the republican attorney-general, and which was made 
an important precedent which has since been followed. 
The election of Mr. Cleveland to the presidency of 
the United States in the fall of 1884 caused that gen- 
tleman to resign his office of governor with the close 
of the year, and thus Mr. Hill, in accordance with the 



390 UNITED STATES SENATORS. 

provisions of the constitution, became the chief mag- 
istrate of the state of New York, the duties of which 
office he discharged until the fall of 1885, when he 
was unanimously nominated by the democratic state 
convention for governor, and was elected by about 
12,000 plurality over Ira Davenport. 

In 1888 he was re-elected over Warner Miller, by a 
plurality of 20,000. In 1891 he was elected United 
States senator, to succeed Wm. M. Evarts. His term 
of office will expire March 3, 1897. 

His career as governor is well known to the public. 
For a number of years Mr. Hill was one of the pro- 
prietors of the Elmira Daily "Gazette," the leading 
democratic organ of the southern tier, but he retired 
from the concern some time previous to his election 
to the mayoralty of Elmira. 

He was, in 1885, elected president of the state bar 
association, of which he had been a member since its 
inauguration. In habits he is frugal and temperate, 
and his manners are democratic and cordial. He 
does not use tobacco or liquor in any form, is not 
fond of society, and when not at his office he is gen- 
erally to be found in his bachelor apartments en- 
gaged in reading or in entertaining some of his 
friends. In stature he is a little below the average 
height, and is rather sparely built. 

His political friends are confined to neither of the 
great parties and to no walk in life. 




' 



FRANK HISCOCK. 



FRANK HISCOCK. 



UNITED STATES SENATOR FROM NEW YORK. 



Frank Hiscock was born at Pompey, Onondaga 
county, New York, September 6, 1834. Senator 
Hiscock's ancestors in whose veins there was a blend- 
ing of the English and the Scotch blood, were engaged 
for many years in agricultural pursuits. The name 
of his grandfather, Richard Hiscock, appears upon the 
pension rolls of the revolutionary war as one of those 
who served his country in the ranks of the patriot 
army throughout the entire struggle for independence. 
This ancestor, soon after the close of the war, moved 
from his native state of Massachusetts to Pompey, 
New York, then an almost unbroken wilderness. Here 
in 1798 was born Richard Hiscock, father of the 
senator, a man of vigorous physical and mental quali- 
ties, who in early manhood married Cyntha Harris, a 
lady whose family has long been prominent in the 
state. Frank Hiscock's early life was for the most 
part the ordinary one of a prosperous farmer's son. 

393 



394 UNITED STATES SENATORS. 

He displayed an inclination to avoid the somewhat 
monotonous routine agricultural tasks for the more 
congenial pursuits of study and literature, and was a 
close and persistent applicant in these latter fields. 
He graduated at a youthful age from the Pompey 
Hill academy, an institution then in high repute for 
the attainments of its instructors, and long since ren- 
dered famous by the eminence of many of its gradu- 
ates. Among the students of his own immediate time 
were several who have since risen to distinguished 
prominence in state and national affairs. 

Upon graduation from the academy at Pompey 
young Hiscock, following his inclination toward pro- 
fessional life, entered as a student the law office of his 
elder brother, L. Harris Hiscock, at Tully, Onondaga 
county, with whom, after his admission to the bar in 
1855 he formed a law partnership, which was in 1858 
moved to and permanently located at Syracuse. 
Following the example of his brother he first joined 
the democratic party, and with him in 1856 partici- 
pated in the organization of the democratic "free soil" 
element at Syracuse in support of Gen. Fremont, 
which greatly contributed to the republican majority 
of nearly seven thousand in the county of Onondaga 
in the ensuing presidential election. From this time 
forth Mr. Hiscock acted with the republican party, 
thus becoming identified with its formation and prac- 
tically beginning his political life in its ranks. In 
i860 he was elected district attorney of Onondaga 
county, and served in that office until the close of 



UNITED STATES SENATORS. 395 

1863. In 1867 he was elected a member of the state 
constitutional convention, and was active in committee 
work and prominent in the debates of that body. In 
common with many other prominent republicans Mr. 
Hiscock supported the nomination of Horace Greeley 
for the presidency in 1872, and in the same year was 
himself nominated for congress by the liberal republi- 
cans and democrats of the Twenty-third congressional 
district, comprising the counties of Cortland and 
Onondaga. This district more recently known as the 
Twenty-fifth was a stronghold of the republicans, but 
in this election so many of that party joined the 
liberal movement, which was indorsed by the demo- 
crats, that the local vote was pretty evenly balanced. 
In supporting the liberal party in 1872 Mr. Hiscock 
doubtless was largely influenced by his personal 
friendship and respect for Mr. Greeley, and sympathy 
with his views; and without intention of becoming a 
member of the democratic party he co-operated in his 
support. At the close of that canvass he resumed his 
place in the republican party. In 1876 he was elected 
a delegate to the republican national convention, and 
without solicitation on his part, unanimously chosen 
as the republican candidate to represent his district in 
the national house of representatives, being elected by 
a large majority. His early services in the house 
were as a member of the committee on elections, and 
of the "Potter investigating committee." In both these 
relations he gained great credit for the ability dis- 
played in conducting investigations and presenting 



396 UNITED STATES SENATORS. 

results. His speeches in the house were direct and 
forcible, securing an attentive hearing from the mem- 
bers ol both parties, and exercising a large influence 
on national legislation. Mr. Hiscock was elected to the 
Forty-fifth, Forty-sixth, Forty-seventh, Forty-eighth, 
Forty-ninth, and Fiftieth congresses, in each election re- 
ceiving the cordial support of his party. In the Forty- 
sixth congress he was chairman of the committee on 
appropriations, and in the Forty-eighth and Forty- 
ninth congresses he was chairman of the committee on 
ways and means. Twice he was very favorably con- 
sidered for the speakership of the house of representa- 
tives. As chairman of the committee on appropria- 
tions Mr. Hiscock was practically the leader of the 
house of representatives, and his national reputation 
was firmly established for a complete knowledge of 
the requirements of the various departments, a wisdom 
in the expenditure of the public money and revenue 
legislation. By his arduous and useful public service 
Mr. Hiscock became firmly entrenched in the respect 
and esteem, not only of his immediate constituents, 
but also of the people of his state and nation, and by 
his breadth of views, wise conservatism and practical 
action the high opinion early formed of him was con- 
stantly strengthened. He was recognized as a repub- 
lican leader attentive to his duties, careful of the 
public interests, conservative in public crisis, and 
always safe, honorable and reliable. Before entering 
congress Mr. Hiscock had risen to high eminence at 
the bar of the state of New York. In January, 1887, 



UNITED STATES SENATORS. 397 

while still a member of the house of representatives 
and chosen for his sixth term, Mr. Hiscock was brought 
forward in the republican canvass in the state legis- 
lature at Albany for the office of United States 
senator. Having received the caucus nomination he 
was duly elected, and March 4, 1887, took his seat 
in the senate for the regular term of six years. Mr. 
Hiscock is a member of the senate committees on 
finance, foreign relations, inter-state commerce, quadro- 
centennial, and chairman of the committee on 
organization, conduct and expenditures of the execu- 
tive departments. He is also on the special com- 
mittee to consider the reports of the Pacific railroad 
commissioners and the president's message thereon. 
He was associated with Senators Allison, Aldrich and 
Jones, of Nevada, in preparing the senate substitute 
for the revenue or tariff bill from the house of repre- 
sentatives in the first session of the Fiftieth congress, 
which had become a democratic party measure. On 
October 8th, 1888, the senate substitute was reported 
to that body, considered, and became a republican 
party measure. Upon these two bills was joined the 
main issue between the two political parties resulting 
in the election of General Harrison. In a speech in 
the senate October 9th, 1888, Mr. Hiscock defined the 
position of the two parties on the question of pro- 
tection, and his views commanded very general atten- 
tion, and especially in New York state, exerted a 
powerful influence on the election. Mr. Hiscock had 
favored the maturing and adoption of the senate 



39$ UNITED STATES SENATORS. 

tariff bill previous to the election as essential to the 
formulation of the republican party's attitude. This 
policy was acquiesced in, and thus was presented an 
affirmative measure antagonistic to the bill passed by 
the democratic majority in the house, and the result 
fully justified him and his political associates upon 
the senate finance committee in their action. Mr. 
Hiscock's name was widely considered in connection 
with the presidential nomination in 1888, but without 
favor or encouragement from him. He was chosen a 
delegate-at-large from the state of New York to the 
republican national convention, and there gave his 
influence in behalf of Hon. Chauncey M. Depew as 
the choice of his state. Throughout the deliberations 
of the convention his voice was potential in the 
harmonious action of the delegation from New York, 
which exercised so large an influence in determining 
the results of the convention. 

Senator Hiscock is married, and Mrs. Hiscock 
resides with him in Washington during the sessions 
of the senate. 

His term will expire March 3, 1893. 




ZEBULON B. VANCE. 



ZEBULON BAIRD VANCE. 



UNITED STATES SENATOR FROM NORTH CAROLINA. 



Zebulon B. Vance was born in Buncombe county, 
North Carolina, May 13, 1830. His family name is a 
distinguished one in that state. Robert Brank Vance 
was a member of the Eighteenth congress, and later 
was elected to the Forty-third, Forty-fourth, and 
Forty-fifth congresses. The subject of this sketch 
was prepared for college at thirteen years of age, and 
entered Washington college, Tennessee, but left at 
the end of two years in consequence of the death of 
his father. He was then one year at the Asheville 
academy, and one year at the University of North 
Carolina. He studied law under Judge Battle and 
the Hon. S. T. Phillips, afterward solicitor-general, and 
was admitted to the bar in January, 1852, and estab- 
lished himself at Asheville, North Carolina, and was 
chosen county attorney the same year for Buncombe 
county. 

On August 3, 1853, Mr. Vance was married to Miss 
Harriet Espy. 

401 



402 UNITED STATES SENATORS. 

In 1854 he was elected to the state house of com- 
mons. When Thomas L. Clinorman was elected to 
the United States senate, Mr. Vance, at the age of 
twenty-eight, was elected to succeed him in the 
national house of representatives, taking his seat 
December 7, 1858. He was re-elected in i860, but 
did not remain in Washington to serve out the latter 
term. 

Like his colleague, Senator Ransom, he opposed 
the secession of North Carolina, yet after the state 
had decided to go out of the union, he raised a com- 
pany and was elected its captain. This company 
subsequently became one of the most famous of the 
organizations of the southern soldiers. In August, 
1 86 1, Captain Vance was chosen colonel of the 
Twenty-sixth North Carolina regiment, and was 
engaged in the battles of Newbern, the seven days 
before Richmond, and Malvern Hill. In 1862 he was 
elected governor while serving in the field. He soon 
saw the impossibility of obtaining sufficient supplies 
for the troops of his state without recourse to foreign 
aid, and therefore sent agents abroad, and purchasing 
a fine steamship in the Clyde, which successfully ran 
the blockade, not only supplying the state troops 
with clothing and arms, but furnishing also large sup- 
plies for the use of the confederate government, and 
for hospitals and general supplies for the people of 
his state. As early as 1863, perceiving the desperate 
nature of the undertaking in which the south was 
engaged, he urged President Davis to neglect no 



UNITED STATES SENATORS. 403 

opportunity to negotiate with the United States gov- 
ernment, but at the same time he was so earnest and 
efficient in contributing men and material for the 
support of the cause he was called the war governor 
of the south. He was also conspicuous in his efforts 
to ameliorate the condition of the federal prisoners 
in his state. In 1 864 he was overwhelmingly re-elected 
for the next two years. When the national troops 
occupied North Carolina, Governor Vance was 
arrested and taken to Washington, D. C, where he 
was confined in prison for several weeks. 

In November, 1870, he was elected United States 
senator by the legislature of his native state, but he 
was not allowed to take his seat, and resigned the 
same in January, 1872. In the same year he was 
again a candidate for the senatorship, but was defeated 
by Augustus S. Merrimon, to whom the republicans 
and bolting democrats £ave their votes. He received 
pardon from President Johnson in 1867, and his 
political disabilities were removed by congress in 
1872, soon after he had been refused a seat in the 
United States senate by reason of those disabilities. 
He continued to practice law in Charlotte, where he 
had located, taking no part in politics, except his con- 
spicuous efforts as a private citizen to overthrow the 
reconstruction £overnment of North Carolina. In 
1876, after an animated canvass, he was elected gov- 
ernor for the third time by a large majority. He 
resigned on being again elected to the United States 
senate, to succeed A. S. Merrimon, democrat, and 



404 UNITED STATES SENATORS. 

took his seat March 4, 1879. He was re-elected in 
1884, and again re-elected in 1891. His present term 
will expire March 3, 1897. He had not been long in 
the senate before he had acquired by his wit and 
eloquence a high rank among the democratic orators 
of that body. 

Senator Vance does not seek society, and is a stu- 
dent and almost a recluse, but he is a ready, magnetic 
speaker, quick at repartee, and an adept in running 
debate, in which his long practice in joint canvassing 
and campaign tours stand him in good stead. He is 
popular with his colleagues, full of good stories, and a 
general favorite with all classes in his state, as his 
many re-elections would indicate. In congress Sena- 
tor Vance has served on the committees on finance, 
privileges and elections, contingent expenses of the 
senate, District of Columbia, and has been chairman 
of the committee on woman suffrage. 

On June 6, 1880, Mr. Vance, who had been a wid- 
ower for some years, married Mrs. Florence S. Martin, 
of Louisville, Kentucky, an interesting and estimable 
lady. During the sessions of congress they reside in 
Washington. 




MATT W. RANSOM. 



MATT WHITAKER RANSOM. 



UNITED STATES SENATOR FROM NORTH CAROLINA. 



Matt W. Ransom was born in Warren County, 
North Carolina, October 8, 1826. In his boyhood his 
progress was such in his studies that he prepared for 
college when about sixteen years of age. He was 
graduated from the University of North Carolina 
in 1847. Having studied legal text books while in 
college, upon his graduation he was admitted to the 
practice of the law in the courts of his state, and soon 
became a successful lawyer as well as a prosperous 
planter. 

He was a presidential elector on the whig ticket in 
1852. For the subsequent three years, he was state 
attorney general, but resigned the office in 1855, not 
caring to further act with the whigs. He then joined 
the democratic party and was elected to the state leg- 
islature in the years 1858, 1859 and i860. In 1861 he 
was one of the three North Carolina peace commis- 
sioners to the congress of southern states at Mont- 
gomery, Alabama, where he did his utmost to avert 
the war. But when his state decided to go out of the 
19 407 



408 UNITED STATES SENATORS. 

union, he volunteered as a private in the confederate 
service, and was very soon appointed lieutenant colo- 
nel of the First North Carolina regiment of infantry, 
with which he marched to the seat of war in Virginia. 
In 1862 he was chosen colonel of the Thirty-fifth 
North Carolina infantry, and participated with his 
regiment in all the important battles of the army of 
northern Virginia. He was severely wounded in the 
seven days' fight around Richmond. In 1863 ne was 
promoted for gallantry displayed on the field to briga- 
dier-general, and in 1865 was further promoted to 
major-general. Upon the fall of the confederacy he 
laid down his sword at Appomattox, accepted the in- 
evitable, returned to his native state, and resumed the 
practice of his profession, exerting in the meantime a 
pacific influence upon the politics of the people of 
that region. 

In 1872 he was elected as a democrat to the United 
States senate, and took his seat April 24th of the same 
year. He was re-elected in 1876, again re-elected in 
1883, and again in 1889. His present term will 
expire March 3, 1895. 

In congress Senator Ransom has served on such 
committees as commerce, private land claims, to in- 
vestigate the Potomac river in front of Washington, 
and quadro-centennial. He has been chairman of the 
committee on private land claims a goodly portion of 
the time. 

Senator Ransom resides at Weldon, Northampton 
county, North Carolina. 




LYMAN R. CASEY. 



LYMAN R. CASEY. 



UNITED STATES SENATOR FROM NORTH DAKOTA. 



Lyman R. Casey was born in the town of York 
Livingston county, New York, May 6, 1837, son of 
Lyman Casey, who was born in Rhode Island in 1793, 
and whose ancestors had inhabited that state since 
before 1 700, and of Annie M. Casey, nee Church, 
whose father was among the earliest settlers of Mon- 
roe county, New York, and for whom the village of 
Churchville was named. 

Mr. Casey's early boyhood was passed on his 
father's farm in the Genesee Valley, then famous as 
the most fertile wheat belt in the United States. His 
summers were occupied in farm labors, and his winters 
in study, first at the district school, later at Temple 

411 



412 UNITED STATES SENATORS. 

Hill academy, Genesee. In 1853 his father determined 
to move west, whither his older children had already 
gone, and, for the sake of its educational advantages, 
made a new home at Ypsilanti, Michigan. There 
Lyman engaged in a course of study preparatory to 
entering the University of Michigan. This plan was 
not fully carried out, ill-health forbidding, and from 
1857 Mr. Casey followed an active business life. His 
training was in the line of hardware, but for some 
years he was a member of the well-known firm of 
Piatt & Co., of Baltimore. In 1867, however, he 
returned to the business of his choice, and became a 
partner in the long-established house of W. H. Tefft 
& Co., Detroit, Michigan, the firm name becoming 
Tefft, Casey & Kellogg. In 1872 sickness of a seri- 
ous character forced his retirement from business, and 
with his wife he spent several years in travel, at home 
and abroad. Fortunately during that time he was 
able to studiously occupy himself with observations of 
social and political conditions wherever he went, and 
he counts those years of suffering and of loss in a 
financial sense, as of great mental profit, contributing 
perhaps better than any other agency to whatever of 
equipment he may possess for the duties of citizen 
and servant of his state. In 1882, Mr. Casey removed 
to Jamestown, North Dakota, where he still resides. 
The climate proving wholly beneficial he was soon 
able to engage with full activity in business affairs. 
The corporation of the "Carrington & Casey Land 
Co." being formed, he assumed the position of general 



UNITED STATES SENATORS. 413 

manager. With its other extensive operations, farm- 
ing has been a feature of the company's business. 
Here came into advantage the early training acquired 
on the Genesee Valley farm, although the forty acre 
wheat-field of Mr. Casey's boyhood has, in North 
Dakota, been replaced by the mile square, the farms 
now being directed by him having upwards of five 
thousand acres under the plow. 

In November, 1889, about six weeks after the ad- 
mission of North Dakota to the union, Mr. Casey was 
elected to the United States senate, a position which 
he now holds. His term will expire March 3, 1893. 

In congress Senator Casey has served as chairman 
of the committee on railroads, and as member of the 
committees on agriculture and forestry, organization, 
conduct and expenditures of the executive depart- 
ments, transportation routes to the seaboard, and 
the select committee on irrigation and reclamation of 
arid lands, on which committees he would seem to be 
especially qualified to serve with intelligence, and with 
profit to the country. 

In person Mr. Casey is tall and slender, with blue 
eyes, a pale face, and a brown moustache. He looks 
more like a scientific litterateur than a farmer, and 
he is one of the best business men and one of the 
most cultivated gentlemen of the senate. He is 
a man of broad and generous ideas, and he has 
made a special study of all questions relating to the 
agricultural interests of the country. Prior to his 
election to the senate he has not held office; but he is 



4H UNITED STATES SENATORS. 

a pleasing impromptu speaker, and throughout North 
Dakota is strikingly popular with all classes. While 
a practical man of affairs, yet he combines with this a 
fine intellectuality and a habit of studiousness that 
make him a delightful conversationalist. It would be 
well for the country if the United States senate con- 
tained more such farmers as Lyman R. Casey. 

Mr. Casey was married in i860, his wife being 
Harriet Mary, daughter of the late L. Beach Piatt, of 
Baltimore. He has three children living — two sons 
and a daughter. Mrs. Casey resides with her husband 
in Washington during the sessions of the senate. 




HENRY C. HANSBROUGH. 



HENRY CLAY HANSBROUGH. 



UNITED STATES SENATOR FROM NORTH DAKOTA. 



Henry C. Hansbrough was born in Randolph county, 
Illinois, January 30, 1848. His parents removed from 
Kentucky in 1846, and his paternal grandfather, Enoch 
Hansbrough, emigrated to the "blue grass country" 
from the state of Virginia about 1802, and was one 
of the compatriots of Daniel Boone. The name 
"Hansbrough" is of Teutonic origin, "Hans" being 
equivalent to the Flemish "Johannes." The "brough" 
is manifestly an English attachment, or affix. The 
name until half a century ago was written "Hans- 
borough." The dropping of the first "o" was doubt- 
less done in the interest of economy. Some members 
of the family now living have eliminated the "ugh" for 
the same reason. The first Hansbrough in America 
came here from Holland over two centuries ago, and 
his father, according to evidence now in the hands of 
a relative, married an Englishwoman; those familiar 

417 



4 I 8 UNITED STATES SENATORS. 

with Teutonic and English nomenclature agree that 
the last syllable of the name, the English attachment, 
came with this matrimonial alliance. Up to that time 
the name, like so many of similar origin, was probably 
"Hanson," and "borough" was given the place of the 
two last letters. 

On his maternal side Mr. Hansbrough's grandfather 
was a Hagen, and was born in Ireland. His grand- 
mother was a Scotchwoman. They crossed the ocean 
with the first wave of immigration following the 
American revolution, and located also in Kentucky. 

The subject of this sketch received, in a limited 
measure, the benefits of a common school education, 
being obliged to assist during the summer months 
upon his father's farm in that portion of "Egypt" 
where corn is king, and where, at that time, "book 
learning" was not wholly indispensable to the youth 
who could follow a plow "as good as a man." At the 
age of fifteen, just as he was about to seek a higher 
course of studies, the war broke out, and everybody, 
including college professors, "joined the army." Young 
Henry C. sought to enter the service of his country, 
but was refused, being admonished that his mother 
needed him at home, whither he went to become a 
member of the "homeguards." Later on, in 1867 — 
his parents having removed to California at the close 
of the war — he commenced a "college course" in the 
printing office of the San Jose "Mercury." In 1869 he 
was a partner in the publication of a small daily at 
San Jose. This venture proving unremunerative, he 



UNITED STATES SENATORS. 419 

disposed of his interest and accepted a position in the 
mechanical department of the San Francisco "Chroni- 
cle." In 1872 he became the telegraph editor of that 
journal, and occupied other positions, including that 
of assistant managing editor of the ''Chronicle," until 
1 879, when he went east and was married to Josephine, 
daughter of James Orr, of Newburgh, New York. 
Engaging in journalism for a brief time in Wisconsin, 
he established the daily "News" at Grand Forks, Da- 
kota territory, in 1882, and a year later founded the 
"Inter-Ocean" at Devils Lake, which journal he now 
owns. 

Being an ardent republican and recognizing the 
political necessity for the admission of new states to 
the union, as well as the justice of it, his editorial 
abilities were applied in that direction; and when, in 
1 889, the territory of Dakota was divided by act of 
congress into two parts, each being admitted, together 
with the territories of Montana and Washington, as 
members of the sisterhood of states, his fellow repub- 
licans honored him by sending him as the first repre- 
sentative to the lower house of congress from the new 
state of North Dakota. His majority was over 
14,000 out of a total vote of 38,083. He had previ- 
ously been elected as a delegate to the national con- 
vention, and took part in naming General Harrison 
for the presidency. He was also chosen national 
committeeman from his state. 

During his service in the Fifty-first congress he was 
defeated — July, 1890 — for re-nomination. It was at 



420 UNITED STATES SENATORS. 

this juncture in his career that he most needed the 
pertinacity and sturdiness inherited from his Scotch- 
Irish and old Dutch ancestry, and the sequel proves 
that they stood him well in hand. Entering at once 
upon an active canvass in behalf of the republican 
state ticket, he laid the basis of a strong claim to a 
seat in the United States senate, and on the 23rd day 
of January, 1891, at Bismarck, the capital city of his 
state, he was elected to that position on the seven- 
teenth ballot, receiving on the sixteenth ballot forty- 
two votes, which was a large majority of the republi- 
cans of the two houses, and on the final or seventeenth 
ballot, sixty-seven votes out of a total of ninety-two 
votes in the joint session. Thus he stepped from the 
lower to the upper house of the American congress 
without a moment's interregnum, his term in the house 
ending March 3rd, and beginning in the senate March 
4, 1 89 1. Senator Hansbrough's term of service will 
expire March 3, 1897. ^ n tne senate he has been 
placed on the committees on census, education and 
labor, territories, and the District of Columbia. 

Mrs. Hansbrough accompanies her husband at 
Washington. 



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JOHN SHERMAN. 



JOHN SHERMAN. 



UNITED STATES SENATOR FROM OHIO. 



John Sherman was born in Lancaster, Ohio, May 
10, 1823. His paternal ancestors emigrated from 
Essex county, England, to Massachusetts and Con- 
necticut in 1634. His grandfather, Taylor Sherman, 
of Norwalk, Connecticut, was an accomplished scholar 
and an able jurist, who received a seat on the bench, 
and who was a commissioner of the Firelands settle- 
ments, when, in 1805, he went to Ohio to arrange 
some disputed boundary questions. While engaged 
in this service, he became personally interested in 
tracts of land located in Sherman township, Huron 
county; but he returned to Connecticut, where he 
died in 18 15. He married early in life Elizabeth 
Stoddard, a lineal descendant of Anthony Stoddard, 
who emigrated from England to Boston in 1639. 
Charles Robert Sherman, their son, and the father of 
John Sherman, was born and brought up at Norwalk, 
Connecticut, where he in due time commenced the 

433 



424 UNITED STATES SENATORS. 

study of law. He was admitted to the bar in 18 10, 
and on the 10th of May of that year he married Mary 
Hoyt, who had grown up with him from childhood. 
A few months after his marriage he went to Ohio in 
search of a home, leaving his wife in Connecticut. He 
settled at Lancaster, and began the practice of his 
profession. The following season his wife came to 
him across the Alleghanies on horseback, carrying her 
infant child — afterwards Judge Charles T. Sherman — 
on a pillow strapped before her saddle. It was a long 
and dreary road, but Mrs. Sherman was fortunate in 
having as companions a considerable party of emi- 
grants from her native region, who were seeking a 
western home. Cheered by the presence of his wife 
and child, Charles Robert Sherman rapidly rose to 
eminence in his profession, and for five years before 
his death in 1829 he was judge of the supreme court 
of Ohio. They had eleven children, of whom William 
Tecumseh was the sixth and John the eighth. After 
the death of their father, leaving the large family with 
but limited means, Mr. Thomas Ewing, a neighbor and 
friend of the deceased, adopted William Tecumseh, 
and procured his appointment as a cadet at West Point, 
while a cousin of his father, named John Sherman, a 
merchant of Mount Vernon, who had been recently 
married, took John home with him in the spring of 
1 83 1, and he remained with him four years, attending 
school constantly, with the exception of occasional 
visits to his home. At the age of twelve he 
returned to Lancaster and entered the academy to 



UNITED STATES SENATORS. 425 

prepare himself for college. In two years he was 
sufficiently advanced to enter the sophomore class, 
but a desire to be self-supporting led to his becoming 
junior rodman in the corps of engineers engaged on 
the Muskingum improvements. He was placed in 
charge of the section of that work at Beverly early 
in 1838, and so continued until the summer of 1839, 
when he was removed because he was a whig, a change 
of administration having taken place. The responsi- 
bilities attending the measurements of excavations 
and embankments, and the leveling for a lock to a 
canal, proved a better education than could have been 
procured elsewhere in the same time. Upon being 
discharged he returned to Lancaster, and had a great 
desire to go to college and complete a regular course, 
but having no pecuniary means available and not 
desiring to be a burden to any one, he made up his 
mind to study law, and entered the office of his 
brother Charles, at Mansfield, who was then a good 
lawyer, in active practice, unmarried, and nearly 
thirty years of age. John was just nineteen, tall, 
strong- and active. Mansfield was then a village of 
1 100 inhabitants. Young Sherman regularly pre- 
pared the pleadings, and did a good amount of the 
office business of his brother, and after the first year 
was entirely self-supporting. He was greatly assisted 
in his studies by his uncle, Judge Parker, who was an 
old and well-educated lawyer. Other young law 
students in Mansfield at the time were Samuel J. 
Kirkwood and Win. B. Allison, both of whom Mr. 



426 UNITED STATES SENATORS. 

Sherman afterwards met in the United States senate. 
Under the laws of Ohio young Sherman was com- 
pelled to wait until he was twenty-one years of age 
before he could be admitted, although he was pre- 
pared for admission before. He was admitted in 
1844, and at once formed a partnership with his 
brother Charles at Mansfield, and continued with him 
actively and profitably employed in the practice of 
his profession, until be was elected a member of con- 
gress in 1854. Incessant in his application to business, 
conciliatory in his deportment, and identified with the 
people of Mansfield and the surrounding section, he 
soon occupied a high position in the courts. His 
oratorical powers were not of that old Roman school 
of declamation; but he argued his cases after a plain, 
blunt, straight-forward style, which secured him the 
attention of the court and won the confidence of the 
jury at the outset. 

Shortly after Mr. Sherman was admitted to the bar 
his mother removed from her own home at Lancaster 
to Mansfield, where she and her younger daughters 
kept house for him, and where she remained until her 
death in 1852, after her children were all married. 

In the spring of 1848 he was sent as a delegate to 
the whig convention held in Philadelphia that nomi- 
nated Zachary Taylor for the presidency. He and 
Schuyler Colfax were secretaries of the convention. 

On the 30th day of August, 1848, Mr. Sherman was 
married to Miss Cecilia Stewart, the only child of 
Judge Stewart, of Mansfield, who came there from 



UNITED STATES SENATORS. 427 

western Pennsylvania. She is a lady of rare accom- 
plishments, and capable of filling any social position, 
but domestic in her tastes, and a thorough house-wife. 
In 1852 Mr. Sherman was a delegate to the Balti- 
more convention that nominated Winfield Scott. In 
the winter of 1853-4 he opened a law office in Cleve- 
land with the intention of removing there at some 
future time, but his attitude as a conservative whig, in 
the alarm and excitement that followed the attempt 
to repeal the Missouri compromise, secured his elec- 
tion to the Thirty-fourth congress, and he gave up 
removing to Cleveland and took his seat in congress 
on December 3, 1855. He is a ready, forcible, and 
practical speaker, and his thorough acquaintance with 
public affairs made him an acknowledged power in 
the house from the first. He grew rapidly in reputa- 
tion as a debater on all the great questions agitating 
the public mind during that eventful period ; the 
repeal of the Missouri compromise, the Dred-Scott 
decision, the imposition of slavery upon Kansas, the 
fugitive slave law, the national finances, and other 
measures involving the very existence of the republic. 
I lis appointment by the speaker, Nathaniel P. Banks, 
as a member of the committee to inquire into and 
collect evidence in regard to the border-ruffian 
troubles in Kansas, was an important event in his 
career. Owing to the illness of the chairman, Wm. 
A. Howard, of Michigan, the duty of preparing the 
report devolved upon Mr. Sherman. Every state- 
ment was verified by the clearest testimony, and has 



428 UNITED STATES SENATORS. 

never been controverted by any one. This report, 
when presented to the house, created a great deal of 
feeling, and intensified the antagonisms in congress, 
being made the basis of the canvass of 1856. 

In 1855 Mr. Sherman attended and was president 
of the first Ohio republican state convention, which 
nominated Salmon P. Chase for governor, and par- 
ticipated in the organization of the republican party. 
He acted with the republican party in supporting John 
C. Fremont for the presidency because that party 
resisted the extension of slavery, but did not seek its 
abolition. In the debate on the submarine telegraph 
he showed his opposition to monopolists by saying : 
" I cannot agree that our government should be bound 
by any contract with any private incorporated com- 
pany for fifty years ; and the amendment I desire to 
offer will reserve the power to congress to determine 
the proposed contract after ten years." All bills 
making appropriations for public expenditures were 
closely scrutinized, and the then prevalent system of 
making contracts in advance of appropriations was 
denounced by him as illegal. At the close of his sec- 
ond congressional term he was recognized as the 
foremost man in the house of representatives. He 
had from deep and unchanged conviction adopted the 
political faith of the republican party, but without any 
partisan rancor or malignity toward the south. 

He was re-elected to the Thirty-sixth congress, which 
began its first session amid the excitement caused by 
the bold raid of John Brown. In 1859 he was the 



UNITED STATES SENATORS. 429 

republican candidate for the speakership. He had 
subscribed for Hinton R. Helper's "Impending Crisis," 
and this fact was brought up against him and estranged 
from him a few of the southern whigs, who besought 
him to declare that he was not hostile to slavery. He 
refused, and after eight weeks of balloting, in which he 
came within three votes of election, he yielded to Wm. 
Pennington, who was chosen. Mr. Sherman was then 
made chairman of the committee of ways and means. 
He took a decided stand against inoraftinof new legis- 
lation upon appropriation bills, saying: "The theory 
of appropriation bills is, that they shall provide 
money to carry on the government, to execute exist- 
ing laws, and not to change existing laws or provide 
new ones." In i860 he was again elected to congress. 
At the close of President Buchanan's administration 
the public indebtedness was nearly $100,000,000, and 
in such crippled condition were its finances that the 
government had not been able to pay the salaries of 
members of congress and many other demands. Mr. 
Sherman proved equal to the occasion in providing 
the means for the future support of the government. 
His first step was to secure the passage of a bill 
authorizing the issue of what are known as the treas- 
ury-notes of i860. 

The presidential election in i860 resulted in the 
election of Abraham Lincoln. Mr. Sherman was 
boarding at Willard's hotel, at Washington, in Febru- 
ary, 1 86 1, when Mr. Lincoln, accompanied by his 

wife, came there previous to Irs inauguration. Shortly 
20 



430 UNITED STATES SENATORS. 

after his arrival Mr. Sherman called to see him, and 
his first salutation while shaking hands was, "and so 
you are John Sherman?" He inspected him from 
head to foot and then said: "Well, I am taller than 
you, anyway; let's measure." They backed up against 
each other and some one said that Mr. Lincoln was 
two inches taller than Mr. Sherman. From that time 
their acquaintance and friendship continued during 
Mr. Lincoln's life. 

On the resignation of Salmon P, Chase, who had 
resigned to accept the position of secretary of the 
treasury, Mr. Sherman was elected to his place in the 
senate, and took his seat on March 4, 1861. He was 
re-elected senator in 1867 and in 1873. During most 
of his senatorial career he was chairman of the com- 
mittee on finance, and served also on the committees 
on agriculture, the Pacific railroad, the judiciary, and 
the patent office. After the fall of Fort Sumter, 
under the call of President Lincoln for 75,000 troops 
he tendered his services to Gen. Robert Patterson, 
was appointed aide-de-camp, without pay, and 
remained with the Ohio regiments till the meeting of 
congress in July. After the close of the extra session 
he returned to Ohio, and received authority from 
Gov. William Dennison to raise a brigade. Largely 
at his own expense, he recruited two regiments of 
infantry, a squadron of cavalry, and a battery of 
artillery, comprising over 2,300 men. This force 
served during the whole war, and was known as the 
"Sherman brigade." Mr. Sherman went to Washing- 



UNITED STATES SENATORS. 43 I 

ton, at the meeting of congress in December, intend- 
ing to resign his seat in the senate, and to offer his 
services in the army; but President Lincoln and Secre- 
tary Chase thought he ought not to do so, but that he 
should retain his place, where he could be of more 
service to the union cause. The most valuable ser- 
vices rendered by him were his efforts in the senate to 
maintain and strengthen the public credit and provide 
for the support of the armies in the field. On the 
suspension of specie payments, about the first of Janu- 
ary, 1862, the issue of the United States notes became 
a necessity. The question of making them a legal 
tender was not at first received with favor. Mainly 
through the efforts of Senator Sherman and Sec- 
retary Chase, this feature of the bill authorizing 
their issue was carried through congress. They justi- 
fied the legal tender clause of the bill on the ground 
of necessity. In the debates on this question, Mr. 
Sherman said : " I do believe there is a pressing ne- 
cessity that these demand notes should be made legal 
tender, if we want to avoid the evils of a depreciated 
and dishonored paper currency. I do believe we have 
the constitutional power to pass such a provision, and 
that the public safety now demands its exercise." 
The records of the debate show that he made the 
only speech in the senate in favor of the national 
bank bill. Its final passage was secured only by the 
personal appeals of Secretary Chase to the senators 
who opposed it. Mr. Sherman's speeches on state 
and national banks are the most important that he 



432 UNITED STATES SENATORS. 

made during the war. He introduced a refunding act 
in 1867, which was adopted in 1870, but without the 
resumption clause. In 1874 a committee of nine, of 
which he was chairman, was appointed by a republi- 
can caucus, to secure a concurrence of action. .They 
agreed upon a bill fixing the time for the resumption 
of specie payment at January 1, 1879. This bill was 
reported to the caucus, and the senate with the dis- 
tinct understanding that there should be no debate on 
the side of the republicans, and that Mr. Sherman 
should be left to manage it according to his own dis- 
cretion, the bill was passed, leaving its execution 
dependent upon the will of the secretary of the treas- 
ury for the time being. 

Mr. Sherman was an active supporter of Rutherford 
B. Hayes for the presidency in 1876, and was a mem- 
ber of the committee that visited Louisiana to witness 
the counting of the returns in that state. He was 
appointed secretary of the treasury by President 
Hayes in March, 1877, and immediately set about 
providing a redemption fund by means of loans. Six 
months before January 1, 1879, the date fixed by law 
for redemption of specie payments, he had accumu- 
lated $135,000,000 in gold, and he had the satisfac- 
tion of seeing the legal tender notes gradually 
approach gold in value until, when the day came, 
there was practically no demand for gold in exchange 
for the notes. In 1880 Mr. Sherman was an avowed 
candidate for the presidential nomination, and his 
name was presented in the national convention at 



UNITED STATES SENATORS. 433 

Chicago by James A. Garfield. During the contest 
between the supporters of Gen. Grant and those of 
James G. Blaine, which resulted in Mr. Garfield's nom- 
ination, Mr. Sherman's vote ranged from 90 to 97. He 
returned to the senate in 1881, and on the expiration 
of his term in 1887 was re-elected to serve until 1893. 
In January, 1892, he was re-elected for the term end- 
ing March 3, 1899. For years he has been chairman 
of the committee on foreign relations, and an active 
member of the committee on expenditures of public 
money, finance, and rules. 

In December, 1885, he was chosen president of the 
senate pro tern, but he declined re-election at the close 
of his senatorial term in 1887. His name was pre- 
sented by Joseph B. Foraker in nomination for the 
presidency at the national convention held in 1884, 
but the Ohio delegation was divided between him and 
James G. Blaine, so that he received only thirty votes 
from his state. Again in 1888 his name was presented 
by Daniel H. Hastings, in behalf of the Pennsylvania 
delegation at the national republican convention, and 
on the first ballot he received 229 votes and on the 
second 249, being the leading candidate and continu- 
ing so until Benjamin Harrison received the support 
of those whose names were withdrawn. 

Senator Sherman is six feet two inches tall, weighs 
about 180 pounds, has clear gray eyes and wears a 
full beard closely cut. His has been a successful life 
in a pecuniary sense. But this, like his political suc- 
cess, has been the result of a lifetime of careful and 



434 UNITED STATES SENATORS. 

honorable work. He began as a boy to save his 
earnings and invest them. A half a century of in- 
dustrious efforts finds him, not with millions, as he is 
popularly rated, but still with a competence which is 
above the average of public men. 

Such are the prominent events in the life of John 
Sherman — a life which represents the growth and 
capacities of man under the free institutions of this 
republic. 




CALVIN S. BRICE 



CALVIN STEWART BRICE. 



UNITED STATES SENATOR FROM OHIO. 



Calvin S. Brice was born in the village of Denmark, 
Ashtabula county, Ohio, September 17, 1845. His 
first education was gained in the public schools of his 
native town, and later he attended school at Lima, 
Ohio, and when fourteen years of age entered the 
preparatory class of the Miami university at Oxford, 
Ohio. He remained in this institution a little over 
two years, until the outbreak of the war, and then 
enlisted in Captain Dodd's University company in 
April, 1 86 1, and served at Camp Jackson, Columbus, 
Ohio. In April, 1862, he enlisted in Captain McFar- 
land's University Company A, Eighty-sixth Ohio 
Volunteer infantry, and served the summer of that 
year in West Virginia, and then returned to the 
Miami university and graduated with distinction in 
June, 1863, before he was eighteen years of age. 
After teaching three months in the public schools ot 

437 



43 8 UNITED STATES SENATORS. 

Lima, he recruited a company, and re-entered the ser- 
vice as captain of Company E, One hundred and 
eightieth Ohio Volunteer infantry, and served in the 
First division of the Twenty-third corps in Tennessee, 
Georgia, and the Carolinas until July, 1865. He was 
promoted to major on the field for personal bravery. 
The war ended just before he received his commission 
as lieutenant-colonel, to which rank he had been pro- 
moted, so that he was mustered out still a major, be- 
ing but about twenty years old at the time. 

After the war ended he entered the law school of 
Michigan university at Ann Arbor, and was gradu- 
ated from that institution in 1866, and was admitted 
to practice by the state and United States district 
and circuit courts, at Cincinnati, in the spring of the 
same year. He turned his attention immediately to 
corporation law, and soon attained considerable dis- 
tinction in his chosen field. This line of business gave 
him opportunity to become interested in various 
enterprises of magnitude and importance. In 1880 
he went to New York city as counsel for the Lake 
Erie and Western railroad, and shortly thereafter 
relinquished the practice of the law to devote himself 
more closely to railroad development and to give 
personal supervision to his other interests. In 1887 
he was elected president of the Lake Erie and Western 
railroad. He has also been largely interested in 
other railroads, among them the New York, Chicago 
and St. Louis road, known as the " Nickel Plate road," 
the Richmond and West Point Terminal, the Duluth 



UNITED STATES SENATORS. 439 

and South Shore and Atlantic railroad, of which he 
became vice-president. 

The following story, for the truth of which we can- 
not vouch, was frequently told during the canvass of 
Col. Brice for the senatorship: When he was a brief- 
less and penniless young lawyer in Columbus, Ohio, 
business was not coming his way, and his mother's 
house was mortgaged for two thousand dollars, which 
had been spent in his education. The owner of the 
mortgage was Governor Charles Foster, afterward 
secretary of the treasury. At last Mr. Brice went to 
Foster and asked him to <jive him some sort of office 
to help him pay the debt, so that he could have some 
peace of mind. "O, no." said the governor, "I am a 
republican, and you are a democrat." The young- 
lawyer was so earnest about getting the debt paid, 
that Foster finally told him he would give him five 
hundred dollars to go to New York and attend to a 
deal in railroad stocks in which the governor was 
interested. The mortgage was renewed. Brice went 
to New York. The great Hocking Valley deal was 
up. Brice saw that the governor was wrong in his 
calculations. To obey them meant ruin. He decided 
to disobey his instructions. Having done so he tele- 
graphed Foster the fact, and received an angry reply 
asking what he meant by such perfidy. "Because I 
could make forty thousand dollars for you," was 
Brice's answer, and the governor was less angry. 
When Brice a week later returned home, Foster gave 
him half the profit of the deal. With this as a begin- 



44° UNITED STATES SENATORS. 

ning he went back to Wall street and made an immense 
fortune. A pleasing story surely, if it be true. 

Mr. Brice has always been a democrat, and has 
taken great interest in state and national politics, 
seemingly without either expectation or desire of pre- 
ferment. He had been a delegate to almost every 
county, district, and state convention in Ohio since 
the war. He was on the Tilden electoral ticket in 
1876 and on the Cleveland electoral ticket in 1884. 
In 1888 he was a delegate at large from Ohio to the 
St. Louis democratic national convention, and was 
selected to represent his state on the national demo- 
cratic committee, and was made chairman of the cam- 
paign committee for the ensuing national campaign. 
On the death of William H. Barnum he was unani- 
mously elected chairman of the national committee 
in 1889. In January, 1890, he was elected United 
States senator to succeed the Hon. Henry B. Payne, 
for the term commencing March 4, 1891, and ending 
March 3, 1897. His legal home is at Lima, Ohio, 
though his business office is in New York city, where 
he spends much of his time. He is a hard worker, is 
reputed to be very wealthy, is fond of books and art, 
has a fine library and a valuable collection of paint- 
ings. Senator Brice is married and has a family, is 
fond of entertaining, talks well, and is thoroughly up 
on almost every subject. His wife and daughter 
reside with him at Washington during the sessions of 
congress. 




JOSEPH N. DOLPH. 



JOSEPH N. DOLPH. 



UNITED STATES SENATOR FROM OREGON. 



Joseph N. Dolph was born near Watkins, New York, 
October 19, 1835. He was the son of Chester Valen- 
tine Dolph and Elizabeth Vanderbilt Dolph, the eldest 
of a family of five children. His father was a farmer 
in moderate circumstances and from the time he could 
be of service on the farm until he attained his majority, 
except when in school or engaged in lock-tending and 
teaching, his time was wholly devoted to the ordinary 
occupations of a farmer near the place of his nativity. 
He attended the district school until he was old 
enough to be of service on the farm, attended a 
private school for a short time, and after he had 
attained his majority attended the Genessee 
Wesleyan seminary, at Lima, New York. 

In the spring after he was sixteen years of age he 
was appointed lock-tender and placed in charge of 
Lock No. 3 on the Chemung canal, near the town of 

443 



444 UNITED STATES SENATORS. 

Havana, New York; and for two seasons was thus 
employed, living alone in a cabin at the head of the 
lock and performing with diligent attention and satis- 
faction to the authorities the sometimes arduous labor 
of the position, while his leisure hours were devoted 
to study. 

These two years were eventful years in the life of 
the future senator. They were not passed without 
controversy with some of the rough characters with 
whom the business brought him in contact, and there 
were incidents which helped to bring out and develop 
his natural qualities of courage and determination. 
The responsibilities and the experiences of this period 
greatly developed his self-reliance and will-power and 
prepared him for the active and important duties of 
after life. 

At the age of eighteen years, to materially aid his 
father in supporting the family and as a stepping-stone 
to something more congenial to his tastes, he adopted 
the profession of a teacher, and for the next eight 
years, while engaged in acquiring an education and 
preparing for the legal profession, he taught a portion 
of each year. He studied law with Hon. Jeremiah 
Maguire, then of Havana, New York, who afterwards 
moved to Elmira, in that state, where he resided until 
the day of his death, which occured in December, 
1889. Young Dolph was admitted to the bar in 
Binghamton, New York, in November, 1861, and 
continued his course of reading after his admission 
during the winter of 186 1-2, with the intention of 



UNITED STATES SENATORS. 445 

removing to and settling in some portion of the great 
west the following spring. 

While seriously debating the question of location, 
an incident occurred which decided the matter. Dr. 
Elijah White, one of the early missionaries to Oregon, 
who had gone from the neighborhood in which Mr. 
Dolph lived, had published an account of his trip 
across the continent and his residence in Oregon, 
which had fallen into the hands of young Dolph and 
been read with avidity. When a mere boy he had 
read with great interest the accounts published in the 
New York "Tribune" of Fremont's expedition to the 
Pacific coast, and later had been charmed with 
Irving's "Astoria." During the session of 1 86 1-2, con- 
gress made an appropriation for a military escort to 
the emigrants crossing the plains to the Pacific north- 
west during the summer of the latter year. Capt. 
Medoram Crawford, one of the early pioneers of 
Oregon, who had gone from Havana, New York, was 
given the command of the company and came east to 
organize it. While on a visit to his old home at 
Havana, Mr. Dolph met him and at once determined 
to avail himself of the opportunity to go to Oregon 
and to make that state his future home. 

In May, 1862, he and his brother, C. A. Dolph, now 
a prominent and successful lawyer and business man 
of Portland, Oregon, enlisted in Capt. Crawford's 
company, known as the emigrant escort and made the 
toilsome but eventful trip across the continent, the 
senator acting as orderly sergeant of the company. 



44-6 UNITED STATES SENATORS. 

Many of the incidents of this trip were sufficiently 
exciting and hazardous to further develop the pre- 
dominant characteristics of Mr. Dolph's character, 
and if written some of them would appear more 
like fiction than a truthful narration of actual occur- 
rences. 

Upon reaching Portland he entered at once upon 
the practice of his profession with enthusiasm and 
industry and almost at the start secured an extensive 
and lucrative practice, and in a surprisingly short time 
became an important factor in the business and 
political affairs of the state. His rise as a lawyer was 
rapid and uninterrupted. Shortly after his arrival he 
entered into a co-partnership with Hon. John H. 
Mitchell, now his colleague in the senate, who had 
preceded him to Oregon some two years. This co- 
partnership continued until Mr. Mitchell was elected 
to the United States senate in 1872. 

During Mr. Dolph's absence from the city and with- 
out his knowledge or solicitation, in October, 1864, 
he was elected city attorney for the city of Portland, 
which office he held until it became necessary to 
resign the same to take his seat in the state senate as 
senator from Multnomah county. During the time he 
held the office of city attorney he compiled a revision 
of the city ordinances, the first ever made, prepared 
important amendments to the city charter, providing 
for the opening, widening and improving of the 
streets, which became laws, drafted the ordinances 
necessary to carry them into effect and brought to a 



UNITED STATES SENATORS. 447 

successful conclusion important litigation in which the 
city was interested. 

Without solicitation on his part and without his 
knowledge until after he had been recommended for 
the place, he was recommended and in January, 1865, 
appointed by President Lincoln district attorney for 
Oregon, which position he held until September, 1866, 
when he resigned it to take his seat in the state 
senate, the two positions being incompatible under 
the state constitution. In this position, as in that 
of city attorney, which he held at the same time, he 
displayed marked ability. Many important cases, civil 
and criminal, were successfully conducted by him for 
the government. 

The law firm of Mitchell and Dolph soon became 
the leading firm of the state and from the date of its 
organization had a large and increasing practice. As 
new enterprises were undertaken for the development 
of the state, the firm naturally became the counsel for 
the projectors and managers. They were the attorneys 
of the Oregon Central and of the Oregon and Cali- 
fornia Railroad companies and other corporations, 
and of Ben. Holliday, who was engaged in running a 
line of steamships from San Francisco to Portland. 
Being young and enthusiastic republicans the members 
of the firm were naturally drawn into politics and 
became important factors in the politics of the state. 
Mr. Mitchell being the senior member of the firm, his 
political interests were earnestly promoted by Mr. 
Dolph and he permitted himself to be made a candi- 



44-8 UNITED STATES SENATORS. 

date for the state senate in 1866 and in 1872 for the 
purpose of aiding his partner. In 1866 Mr. Mitchell 
was a prominent candidate for the United States 
senate and was elected United States senator in 1872, 
when the firm, which for ten years had held a leading 
place in the state, was dissolved. 

Upon the dissolution of the firm of Mitchell and 
Dolph, Mr. Dolph took into the business with him, 
under the firm name of Dolph, Bronaugh, Dolph and 
Simon, Judge E. C. Bronaugh, an able and experienced 
lawyer, his brother, C. A. Dolph, who had already 
obtained a prominent position at the bar, and Hon. 
Joseph Simon, who had read law with the firm of 
Mitchell and Dolph and had just been admitted to 
the bar. The business of the new firm continued to 
increase rapidly in volume and importance. When 
Mr. Villard, for the German bondholders, in 1875, 
took possession and the management of the Oregon 
and California Railroad company, and of the Oregon 
Steamship company, he retained Mr. Dolph as counsel 
for both these corporations and from that time until 
Mr. Dolph's election to the United States senate he 
was the trusted correspondent, agent and attorney of 
Mr. Villard in all his great enterprises for the develop- 
ment of the new northwest. He was from the date of 
their organization counsel as well as an officer of the 
Oregon Railway and Navigation company, the Oregon 
Improvement company, and the other numerous minor 
corporations organized by Mr. Villard to carry out 
his plans. 



UNITED STATES SENATORS. 449 

During the latter years of his professional career in 
Oregon, Mr. Dolph performed an amount of profes- 
sional labor and carried a load of care and responsi- 
bility which few men could have done and none with 
better results or greater satisfaction to his clients. 
Mr. Dolph probably did more to secure the result by 
which President Hayes was declared elected president 
and sworn into office than any other one man. Antici- 
pating trouble, he was at the state capital when the 
electoral college of Oregon met after the presidential 
election of 1876. Gov. Grover, of Oregon, refused to 
issue a certificate of election to Dr. Watts, one of 
the republican electors, although elected by a majority 
of about one thousand, on the ground that he was 
disqualified, and issued it to Cronin, one of the demo- 
cratic candidates for elector. Mr. Dolph had antici- 
pated the action of the governor and believed the 
possession of the certificate to be all important, as the 
political situation then was, and had advised the 
republicans, when the certificate was given to Cronin, 
to take it from him, accept the resignation of Dr. 
Watts, fill the vacancy and proceed to vote and make 
their return. The republican candidates, upon enter- 
ing the room assigned them, found it already occupied 
by the three democratic candidates for electors and 
failing to withdraw from the room the plan of opera- 
tions advised by Mr. Dolph was frustrated. But one 
certificate was issued for all three electors and that was 
given to Cronin, who refused to allow the republican 

electors to inspect it, and on the two republican 

21 



450 UNITED STATES SENATORS. 

electors refusing to recognize him proceeded to 
organize an electoral college of his own. When the 
facts became known, Mr. Dolph by common consent 
assumed direction of affairs and on the spot, while the 
republican electors were still in session, procured the 
proofs and prepared the papers necessary to establish 
the right of the republican electors and upon which 
the controversy was decided by the electoral com- 
mission in favor of the republicans and the vote of 
Oregon counted for Hayes. By his promptness, cool- 
ness, ability and determination, Mr. Dolph snatched 
victory from defeat and prevented the consummation 
of a great fraud upon the people of his state. 

Mr. Dolph served as chairman of the republican 
state central committee from 1866 to 1868, was 
elected state senator in 1866 for four years and served 
during the session of 1866, but was ousted in 1868 by 
a strict party vote on the pretense of equalizing the 
classes of senators under the constitution. He was 
again elected to the state senate in 1872 by a large 
majority and served for the term of four years. In 
the state senate his knowledge of law, his ability as a 
speaker, his energy and industry and fearlessness in 
advocating the principles of his party and in denounc- 
ing the mistakes and wrong-doings of his political 
adversaries, made him a leader and his influence in 
molding the legislation of the state was great. 

During the last hours of the session of the legis- 
lature of Oregon in 1882, he was elected United 
States senator for the term of six years from March, 



UNITED STATES SENATORS. 45 I 

1883. Although earnestly solicited to become a 
candidate for senator, he refused until the last hours 
of the session and when it became apparent that 
unless he did allow his name to be presented no 
election would be had. He was re-elected in January, 
1889, without opposition, and while attending to the 
duties of his position at the national capital, and is 
now serving his second term. 

Mr. Dolph upon entering the senate, was placed 
upon several important committees, among them the 
committee on public lands and the committee on 
claims. He served four years on the latter committee 
and reported on a large number of claims. His 
industry and legal training were of much value to the 
committee. His services on the committee on public 
lands, owing to his thorough knowledge of the land 
laws and of the condition and wants of the west have 
been alike valuable. He has not only been largely 
instrumental in securing the passage of the land grant 
forfeiture act, the repeal of the timber culture and 
preemption laws and the passage of other important 
laws relating to the public domain ; but scarcely an 
act of importance has been considered and reported 
from the committee during his membership upon it 
that does not bear the impress of his hand. 

To provide for him a place upon the committee on 
commerce, the committee was enlarged during the 
first session after he entered the senate and as a mem- 
ber of that committee he has rendered valuable ser- 
vices not only to his own state but to the nation at 



452 UNITED STATES SENATORS. 

large. Several measures of importance relating to 
commerce, introduced by him, have become laws. He 
is one of the best informed members of the committee 
concerning the various government works for the im- 
provement of the navigable waters of the country as 
well as one of the most industrious and painstaking 
members. His presence on the committee has en- 
abled him to secure large appropriations for the 
improvement of the rivers and harbors of his own 
state. During- the first session he was in congress he 
procured an appropriation to commence the improve- 
ment of the mouth of the Columbia river, a work 
which is now nearly completed, which has proved a 
great success and which has rendered the mouth of 
the Columbia one of the safest and best harbors in 
the United States. 

As a member of the committee on foreign relations, 
he has performed equally good service. He took a 
conspicuous and intelligent part in the proceedings of 
that committee and of the senate in relation to the 
Samoan Islands controversy, the Nicaraguan canal 
investigation and many other important public 
questions. 

He is now chairman of the committee on coast 
defenses, and a member of the committee on foreign 
relations, committee on commerce, committee on pub- 
lic lands, special committee to enquire into our rela- 
tions with Canada and special committee to consider 
the question of a national university at Washington. 

About the time he entered the senate the subject of 



UNITED STATES SENATORS. 453 

coast defenses began to attract attention. The 
country was beginning to understand that our fortifica- 
tions, which at the breaking out of the war of the 
rebellion were equal to those of any other country by 
reason of the improvements made in guns, projectiles, 
explosives, ships, armor and other war-like appliances, 
had become absolutely worthless ; that while other 
nations had been building expensive and powerful 
navies and providing themselves with modern de- 
fenses, we had made no advance in that direction for 
a quarter of a century and our extended coasts on 
two oceans, our great sea-coast cities and centers of 
commerce on the great lakes, depots for the surplus 
products of our diversified industries, containing over 
four thousand million dollars in value of destructible 
property, were unprotected and liable to destruction 
in case of a war with a foreign naval power. A new 
committee, having jurisdiction over this subject, was 
created and Senator Dolph was made chairman of it. 
He took hold of the question with energy, made 
almost every branch of the subject a study and by his 
earnest and intelligent presentation of the question 
before the committees of congress and in congress 
and through the press, has done much to awaken 
interest in the subject and to secure legislation for the 
commencement of the important work. 

In October, 1864, he married Miss Augusta Mulkey, 
daughter of Johnson Mulkey, one of the pioneers and 
successful men of Oregon. His wife still lives to enjoy 
his success and is one of the most attractive women in 



454 UNITED STATES SENATORS. 

official life in Washington. Both the senator and his 
wife are conspicuous figures in Washington society 
and their Washington home is noted for its generous 
hospitality. They have six children, the eldest a 
daughter who was considered a belle when she entered 
society and who is married and lives in Washington. 
The next is a son, grown to manhood and engaged in 
business in Tacoma, Washington. The others are a 
girl just entering womanhood and three bright, intelli- 
gent boys. 

From his extensive and lucrative law practice he 
realized a competency. His residence in Portland is 
one of the most handsome and costly in the city. He 
is a Baptist in religion. He is a staunch republican, 
an enthusiastic advocate of the principles of his party 
because he believes them to be right, but tolerant of 
the opinions of others who differ from him. He has 
long been a leader of his party in his state and one of 
its ablest advocates. He possesses a thorough 
knowledge of the law from careful preparation and 
long, successful practice, a logical mind, a quick per- 
ception. As a business man he is reliable and suc- 
cessful; as a public speaker he is forcible, clear and 
logical, and is altogether a splendid example of what 
integrity and determined application will do for a 
man in a republican form of government. 




JOHN H. MITCHELL. 



JOHN H. MITCHELL 



UNITED STATES SENATOR FROM OREGON. 



For more than thirty years the subject of this 
sketch has been one of the most prominent figures in 
the political history of Oregon. Becoming a citizen 
of the state soon after it was invested with the sover- 
eign dignity of statehood, he at once became an active 
man in the political arena, and so rapid was the 
growth of his influence that within six years he had 
served a term with distinguished credit in the state 
senate, and was the choice of a large body of his 
party associates for the highest office the state had to 
bestow. This distinction, that his friends thus early 
in his career desired to confer upon him, was deferred 
but a few years, when he was elected to the position 
of United States senator, and is now serving a third 
term. His career in the highest legislative body in 
the United States has been an active one and covers 
a period the most prolific in grand results in the 
history of the Pacific northwest. 

He was born in Washington county, Pennsylvania, 
on the 22nd day of June, 1835. During his infancy 

457 



45^ UNITED STATES SENATORS. 

his parents moved to Butler county, Pennsylvania, 
where he was reared on a farm and acquired the rudi- 
ments of an English education at the district school. 
At the age of seventeen years he began teaching in a 
country school and after spending several winters in 
this way he realized sufficient money to pay his 
tuition at Butler academy, in Butler county, and 
subsequently at Witherspoon institute. After com- 
pleting the full course at both of these institutions he 
commenced the study of law in the office of Hon. 
Samuel A. Purviance, formerly member of congress 
from that district, and later attorney-general of the 
state under Governor Curtin. After two years study 
he was admitted to the bar in Butler county, in the 
spring of 1857, by Hon. Daniel Agnew, lately chief 
justice of the supreme court of the state of Pennsyl- 
vania, and then presiding judge of that district. He 
then began the practice of his profession at Butler, in 
partnership with Hon. John M. Thompson, since a 
member of the national house of representatives from 
that district, and was thus engaged until April, i860, 
when he removed to California. For a short time 
thereafter he practiced law at San Luis Obispo, and 
later for a brief time in San Francisco. The fame of 
Oregon, as a young and growing commonwealth, had 
in the meantime attracted his attention, and he de- 
termined to link his fortunes with the new state. 
With this end in view he arrived in Portland, July 4, 
i860, where he has ever since resided. 
A remarkable set of men were those who laid the 



UNITED STATES SENATORS. 459 

foundations of constitutional liberty on those far-off 
shores, and the commonwealths they created are the 
best monuments to their ability, energy and indomita- 
ble will. They were of a superior race, the flower of 
the youth of the older states; men of calibre and will 
and expanding thought. And in this connection it 
may be well right here to call attention to a fact not 
generally recognized, that it was from among this 
body of men came the leaders who successfully waged 
the battles for the union. Grant passed his early 
manhood on the Pacific coast, and the lessons he there 
learned, and the persistency which was characteristic 
of the type of manhood of which we are speaking, he 
carried into the war, and the same spirit which over- 
came the perils of the desert and laughed at the 
obstacles of towering mountains and reduced the 
savage to abject fear, conquered the rebellion. Sher- 
man was a banker in San Francisco, Phil. Sheridan a 
lieutenant in Oregon, and Joe Hooker a civil engineer 
amid the wilds of Rogue river in Oregon. Baker, the 
orator, the soldier and statesman, was preaching the 
"doctrine of the new crusade" in the land of the 
Argonauts. Brave, generous men ! A grateful country 
recognizes their worth, and does homage to the memory 
of those who have passed over to the majority. A man 
of small ideas and petty purposes could make no head- 
way in a current of humanity like this. That Mitchell 
succeeded amid such surroundings is the best evidence 
as to the quality of his manhood. 

His first conspicuous public appearance was at the 



460 UNITED STATES SENATORS. 

formation of what was known as the union party in 
Oregon. There was a sentiment on the Pacific coast at 
the outbreak of the war of the rebellion in favor of 
the establishment of what was to be known as a 
Pacific coast republic. Lovers of the union were 
aware that if this scheme was successful the fate of 
the nation was to be despaired of, and that this peril, 
though insignificant in comparison with others which 
then threatened its existence, would be sufficient to 
hasten and brine about the success of those who 
elsewhere were determined upon the destruction of 
the union. It was at this juncture that Mitchell first 
came to the front as a political leader, and his voice 
and influence were on the side of the union. The 
welding of the union sentiment into a political organ- 
ization stood as a menace to the schemes of those who 
were plotting the establishment of this Pacific repub- 
lic, and in the face of this organized protest the 
plotters were compelled to abandon their proposed 
project. And thus was a great national calamity 
averted. , 

With that same energy which has been so conspicu- 
ous in his career, he not only at once turned his atten- 
tion to building up a legal practice, but took an active 
part in local politics. So quickly did he make his 
influence felt that in 1861, he was elected corporation 
counsel of Portland. The succeeding year he was 
nominated and elected by the republican party to the 
Oregon state senate, in which body he served four 
years. During the first two years of his term he was 



UNITED STATES SENATORS. 46 1 

chairman of the judiciary committee, and the last two 
years he held the position of president of the senate. 
At the close of his senatorial term he received every 
mark of approval from his immediate constituents, 
and in 1866, strenuous efforts were made by his 
political friends to secure him a seat in the United 
States senate. They only failed to elevate him to 
this exalted position through the lack of one vote in 
the caucus, his competitor for the nomination being- 
Governor Gibbs, who received twenty-one votes and 
Mr. Mitchell twenty. In 1865, he was commissioned 
lieutenant-colonel of the state militia by Governor 
Gibbs, and two years later was chosen professor 
of medical jurisprudence in Willemette university at 
Salem, Oregon, and served in that position for nearly 
four years. During all of this time he was engaged 
in the active practice of his profession in Portland. 
In October, 1862, he formed a law partnership with 
Hon. J. N. Dolph, now his colleague in the United 
States senate, which continued until January, 1873, 
when he resigned all other engagements to enter 
upon his duties as United States senator. During this 
period he had acquired a reputation as a lawyer 
second to none in Oregon, and was constantly em- 
ployed in important litigation. For several years he 
was the attorney of the Oregon and California Rail- 
road company and the North Pacific Steamship 
Transportation company, while his practice extended 
to all the courts, federal, state and territorial of 
Oregon, Washington and Idaho. 



462 UNITED STATES SENATORS. 

In September, 1872, Mr. Mitchell was nominated 
in caucus, by the republican members of the state 
legislature for United States senator, receiving the 
votes of over two-thirds of all the republicans in 
legislature on the first ballot. On September 28, 1872, 
he was elected by the legislature in joint session as 
United States senator for the term of six years com- 
mencing March 4, 1873. In this body he soon took a 
prominent position. He was assigned to duty on the 
following committees: Privileges and election, com- 
merce, claims, transportation routes to the seaboard, 
and railroads. At the end of two years he was made 
chairman of the committee on railroads and served as 
such until the end of his term. When the electoral 
commission was organized, Senator Oliver P. Morton 
was chairman of the senate committee on privileges 
and election, but having been chosen a member of the 
electoral commission, Senator Mitchell was made 
acting chairman of the committee on privileges and 
election, which committee, for the purpose of taking 
charge of the great controversy involved in the presi- 
dential contest of 1876, in the states of Oregon, 
Louisiana, South Carolina and Florida, was then 
increased from nine, the ordinary number, to fifteen 
senators. As acting chairman, Senator Mitchell pre- 
sided over the committee during all the investigations 
which followed and which at the time attracted so 
much interest all over the country. He was also 
selected by the unanimous vote of the republicans in the 
senate as the senator to appear before the electoral 



UNITED STATES SENATORS. 463 

commission and argue the Oregon case. This duty he 
performed and in a long speech, and ably presented 
the legal questions involved, and to the perfect satis- 
faction of his party friends defended the position 
taken by the republicans of Oregon. During his first 
term he was on several occasions selected by the 
republican majority as chairman of sub-committees to 
visit South Carolina, Louisiana and Florida for the 
purposes of investigating contested elections. 

In April, 1873, Senator Mitchell, and Senator 
Casserly, of California, were appointed a sub-com- 
mittee of the committee on transportation routes to 
the seaboards, to visit the Pacific coast and investigate 
and report upon the best means of opening the 
Columbia river to free navigation. It was in this 
position that he had opportunity to do a great ser- 
vice for Oregon. Soon after his appointment on the 
committee, Senator Casserly resigned his seat in the 
senate, and Senator Mitchell was authorized to pro- 
ceed alone. He thereupon, during the summer of 
1873, made a most careful investigation as to the im- 
provement necessary to increase the navigation facili- 
ties of the Columbia river, and at the next session of 
congress submitted an elaborate report to the com- 
mittee on transportation routes — Senator Windom, of 
Minnesota, being chairman — in which he recom- 
mended, among other things, large appropriations for 
the mouth of the Columbia river, and also an appropri- 
ation for a survey of the Cascades, with the view of 
ascertaining the cost and advisability of constructing 



464 UNITED STATES SENATORS. 

canal and locks. This report, as written by Senator 
Mitchell, was incorporated into the report of the com- 
mittee without alteration, and submitted to the senate, 
and based on this report, congress at its next session, 
made an appropriation for a survey for canal and 
locks at the Cascades, which paved the way for their 
subsequent construction. 

In the meantime he did not relax his efforts to eet 
the government committed to some plan for over- 
coming the obstructions at the Dalles of the Columbia, 
and so persistent and energetic have his efforts been 
that, at the first session of the Fiftieth congress, the 
senate passed his bill for a boat-railway, for the com- 
mencement of which $500,000 were appropriated. 
The bill having failed in the house, Mr. Mitchell 
resumed the attack in the first session of the Fifty-first 
congress and during that session, secured the passage 
through the senate of a bill appropriating $2,800,000, 
being the estimate of the whole cost, for the construc- 
tion of a boat-railway at the Dalles of the Columbia. 
This bill having again failed to receive the considera- 
tion of the house of representatives, has been again 
introduced by Mr. Mitchell in the senate at the pres- 
ent session — first session, Fifty-second congress — and 
is now being considered by the senate committee on 
transportation routes to the seaboard; and when this 
work, in connection with the construction of the canal 
and locks at the Cascades of the Columbia, is com- 
pleted and the last obstruction to the free navigation 
of the Columbia is thus removed, "a mighty river 



UNITED STATES SENATORS. 465 

will go mingling with his name forever." At the 
expiration of his first senatorial term, March 4, 
1879, the legislature of Oregon was democratic, and 
Hon. James H. Slater, a democrat, was elected as his 
successor, whereupon Mr. Mitchell resumed the prac- 
tice of his profession at Portland. In the fall of 
j 882, he was urged by party friends to again submit 
his name as a candidate for United States senator, 
the legislature at that time being republican. After 
much hesitation he consented to do so, and in the 
legislative caucus received on the first ballot the votes 
of two-thirds of all the republicans in the legislature, 
and thus became the nominee of the party again for 
United States senator. A bolt, however, was organ- 
ized and he was not elected. The contest, however, 
was continued from day to day, until the last day and 
the last hour of the fort)' days' session. During the 
most of this time; he was within a few votes of an 
election. It required forty-six votes to elect, and 
during the session he received the votes of forty-five 
different members. Finding an election impossible, 
although urged by his supporters to continue in the 
fight to the end, and, if not elected himself, thus pre- 
vent the election of anyone else, he withdrew from the 
contest during the last hours of the session, and all of 
his supporters, except one, who had so earnestly stood 
by him during forty days, gave their votes for Hon. 
J. N. Dolph, who was elected. Throughout this long 
contest, without parallel in the political history of the 
state, for the bitter personal character of the fight, 



466 UNITED STATES SENATORS. 

Senator Mitchell apparently lost none of his personal 
popularity, and after the adjournment of the legis- 
lature upon his return from Salem to Portland, was 
tendered a reception which in warmth and cordiality 
partook more of an ovation to a successful than to a 
defeated candidate. 

After his defeat Mr. Mitchell resumed the practice 
of his profession, and although earnestly urged by 
party friends again to permit the use of his name as 
a candidate for the United States senate, at the regu- 
lar session of the legislature in January, 1885, he 
peremptorily declined to do so. The legislature 
however, after balloting through the whole session 
adjourned without making an election. The governor 
of the state thereupon called a special session of the 
legislature to meet in November, 1885. Senator 
Mitchell at that time was in Portland, and although 
not personally desirous to be a candidate, and steadily 
refusing to permit the use of his name until within 
three or four days before the election, he was on the 
19th of November again elected to the United States 
senate, receiving on the second ballot in joint conven- 
tion the votes of three-fourths of all the republicans 
and one-half of all the democrats of the legislature, 
having on this ballot a majority of twenty-one votes. 
He was at this time elected to succeed Hon. James H. 
Slater, and took his seat December 17, 1885, when he 
was assigned to duty on the following committees: rail- 
roads, transportation routes to the sea-board, claims, 
mines and mining, post offices and post roads, and the 



UNITED STATES SENATORS. 467 

special committee to superintend the construction of a 
national library. After a year's service he was made 
chairman of the committee on transportation routes 
to the sea-board, and in March, 1889, was made 
chairman of the committee on railroads, which posi- 
tion he held until the end of his second full term — 
March 4, 1891. 

On the meeting of the Oregon legislature in Janu- 
ary, 1 891, there was no opposition to Mr. Mitchell's 
election to a third term in the United States senate; 
he was in a full caucus of the republican members, 
nominated by acclamation, and on the 20th day of 
that month, elected his own successor — receiving 
every republican vote in the legislature on the first 
ballot. At the commencement of the present con- 
gress, Mr. Mitchell was assigned to duty on the 
following committees: Chairman of the committee 
on claims, and a member of the committees on judici- 
ary, privileges and elections, postoffices and post 
roads, transportation routes to the seaboard, and 
claims of American citizens against the Nicaraguan 
government. 

Mr. Mitchell's term will expire March 3, 1897. 
Mr. Mitchell is a man of remarkable energy and 
untiring industry, and throughout his public career 
has been distinguished for keen discrimination and 
quick grasp of great and intricate questions. With- 
out intending to make comparison with the able 
senators who have represented Oregon, at Washing- 
ton, it is not too much to say that none have more 



22 



468 UNITED STATES SENATORS. 

fully met all the demands made upon their time and 
energies than Senator Mitchell. The request of the 
humblest of his constituents has always received at 
his hands his careful, considerate personal attention, 
while no labor or sacrifice, however great, has for a 
moment deterred him from undertaking whatever was 
in his power to do for the best interests of the state. 
He is well equipped by nature, training and experience 
for high public station. He is a successful lawyer of 
acknowledged ability in every branch of a most diffi- 
cult profession ; is a forcible speaker, and possesses 
the tact, sound judgment and eminently practical 
views, without which the most brilliantly endowed 
men often prove lamentable failures. Whole-souled, 
generous and sympathetic in nature and true as steel 
in his friendship he has surrounded himself with a 
host of friends whose loyalty he as warmly recipro- 
cates. Indeed it can be said that no man in public or 
private life in Oregon ever had a more dovoted per- 
sonal following than Senator Mitchell. His unswerv- 
ing adherence to the principles of the republican party 
and his fidelity to his friends are distinguishing traits 
in his character. 

Personally Senator Mitchell is a man of striking 
presence and one who would arrest attention in any 
gathering of men. He is an interesting conversa- 
tionalist ; has a direct, forceful way of talking, while 
his ready grasp of any subject discussed would mark 
him as a man of no common mold of mind. He is a 
man of polished address and of courteous manner. 



*^W»«»£k. 




JAMES D. CAMERON. 



JAMES DONALD CAMERON. 



UNITED STATES SENATOR FROA\ PENNSYLVANIA. 



James D. Cameron was born in Middletown, Dauphin 
county, Pennsylvania, May 14, 1833. He belongs to 
a distinguished family of the Keystone state. The 
Hon. Simon Cameron, his father, began life in a hum- 
ble way, learning and plying the printer's trade in the 
city of Washington, District of Columbia. Subse- 
quently he became an editor in Doylestown and Har- 
risburg, Pennsylvania. He was possessed of talent 
and energy, and giving practical attention to banking 
and railroad affairs, he rose to a prominent place 
among the financially strong men of his native state. 
He became adjutant general of his state, senator, sec- 
retary of War under Lincoln, minister to Russia, and 
a great leader of men. 

James Donald, familiarly known as "Don " Cameron, 
after attending the schools of his native town, entered 
Princeton college, from which he was graduated in 
1852, at the age of nineteen. Upon his graduation 
he decided to make banking his business, and entered 
the Middletown bank, now the National Bank of Mid- 
dletown, as clerk. He soon became cashier, and after- 
wards president, a position in the bank which he still 
fills. He seemed to inherit the paternal genius for 

47' 



472 UNITED STATES SENATORS. 

railway management also, and in 1863 he became 
president of the Northern Central Railroad company 
of Pennsylvania, which position he held until the road 
was leased to the Pennsylvania railroad in 1874. In 
this position he did good service to the national cause 
during the civil war. The road although cut several 
times by the confederates, was a means of communi- 
cation between Pennsylvania and Washington, and 
after the war it was extended, under Mr. Cameron's 
administration, to Elmira, New York, so as to reach 
from the great lakes to tide-water. Mr. Cameron has 
since become connected with various coal, iron, and 
manufacturing- industries of the state. 

He was secretary of war under President Grant from 
May 22, 1876, to March 3, 1877, and was then chosen 
United States senator to fill the vacancy caused by 
the resignation of his father. He was re-elected in 
1879, again re-elected in 1885, and again in 1890. 
The last term will expire March 3, 1897. 

He was a delegate to the Chicago republican 
national convention in 1868; to the Cincinnati con- 
vention in 1876; and again to the Chicago convention 
in 1880. He was chairman of the national republi- 
can committee the latter year, and had charge of the 
Garfield campaign. 

In congress Senator Cameron has usually been 
chairman of the committee on naval affairs, and has 
been a leading member of such committees as coast 
defenses, commerce, and military affairs, as well as a 
member of numerous select committees. 




MATTHEW S. QUAY. 



MATTHEW STANLEY QUAY. 



UNITED STATES SENATOR FROM PENNSYLVANIA. 



Matthew S. Quay was born in Dillsburgh, York 
county, Pennsylvania, September 30, 1833. He was 
prepared for college at Beaver and Indiana academies, 
and was graduated from Jefferson college, Pennsyl- 
vania, in 1850. He began his legal studies at Pitts- 
burgh, and was admitted to the bar in 1854. At the 
age of twenty-two he was appointed prothonotary of 
Beaver county, and a year later in 1856 was elected 
to that office, and was re-elected in 1859. A prothon- 
otary's duties are similar to those of a circuit clerk 
and recorder in the counties of most of the Missis- 
sippi valley states. In 1861 Mr. Quay resigned his 
office to accept a lieutenancy in the Tenth Pennsyl- 
vania reserves. He was subsequently made assistant 
commissary of the state with the rank of lieutenant- 
colonel. Afterward he was appointed private secre- 
tary of Governor Andrew G. Curtin, and in August, 
1862, was commissioned colonel of the One hundred 
and thirty-fourth Pennsylvania regiment of volunteers. 
He had also acted as major and chief of transporta- 

475 



47^ UNITED STATES SENATORS. 

tion and telegraphs. He was mustered out, owing to 
impaired health, December 7, 1862, but participated 
in the assault on Mary's Heights, December 13th as a 
volunteer. He was subsequently appointed state 
agent at Washington, but was shortly afterward 
recalled by the legislature to fill the office of military 
secretary, which position was created by that body. 

In 1865 M r - Quay was elected to the state legisla- 
ture and served until 1867, when he established a 
newspaper at Beaver called the Beaver "Radical." 
From 1872 to 1878 he was secretary of the common- 
wealth. He resigned the office to accept the appoint- 
ment of recorder of Philadelphia, which position he 
resigned in 1879. He was immediately re-appointed 
as secretary of the commonwealth and filled the post 
until October, 1882, when he resigned. 

Mr. Quay was a delegate at large to the national 
republican conventions of 1872, 1876, 1880 and again 
in 1888. He was chairman of the republican state cen- 
tral committee of Pennsylvania from 1878 to 1879 
inclusive. At the republican national convention in 
Chicago in 1888 he was elected a member of the 
republican national committee, and was made chair- 
man thereof, and conducted the campaign which 
resulted in the election of Harrison and Morton. He 
resigned the chairmanship in 1891. 

In 1885 he was elected state treasurer of Pennsyl- 
vania by the largest vote ever given to a candidate in 
that state for that office. In 1887 he was chosen United 
States senator for the term ending March 3, 1893. 




NATHAN F. DIXON. 



NATHAN FELLOWS DIXON. 



UNITED STATES SENATOR FROM RHODE ISLAND. 



Nathan F. Dixon was born at Westerly, Rhode 
Island, August 28, 1 847. He comes of a distinguished 
family, his father and grandfather having served the 
state of Rhode Island in the national congress, and 
both of whom bore the same name as the present 

senator. 

His grandfather was a native of Connecticut, but 
settled in Rhode Island in 1802. He was a graduate 
of Brown university, a lawyer, member of the general 
assembly of Rhode Island from 1813 to 1830, and 
from 1839 to 1842 United States senator. His son, 
Nathan F. Dixon, father of the subject of this sketch, 
was born at Westerly, graduated at Brown university, 
attended law schools at New Haven and at Cambridge, 
practiced his profession in Connecticut and Rhode 
Island from 1840 to 1849, was elected to the legis- 
lature in the latter state, was appointed by the general 

479 



4^0 UNITED STATES SENATORS. 

assembly as one of the governor's council in the Dorr 
troubles of 1842, was presidential elector, and mem- 
ber of congress for three terms, and held various 
other responsible positions. 

The subject of this sketch, Nathan Fellows Dixon, 
was prepared for college at Westerly and Phillips 
academy, Andover, and was graduated from Brown 
university, where his father and grandfather before 
him took their degrees. He studied law under his 
father, and at the Albany Law school, and was admit- 
ted to practice in New York, Rhode Island, and Con- 
necticut in 1871. He was appointed United States 
district attorney for the district of Rhode Island by 
President Grant in the early part of 1877, and was 
re-appointed in 1881. He was elected state senator 
from the town of Westerly in 1885 and successively 
up to and including 1889. He was elected to the 
Forty-eighth congress to fill the vacancy occasioned 
by the election of Hon. Jonathan Chace to the United 
States senate, and was himself elected April 10, 
1889, to the United States senate as a republican to 
succeed Chace, resigned, for the term expiring March 
3. 1895. 

In congress Senator Dixon has served on the com- 
mittees on patents, postoffices and post roads, and on 
the select committee on additional accommodations 
for the library of congress. 

Senator Dixon is married and his family reside 
with him at Washington during the sessions of con- 



gress. 



i|>i«K3k 




NELSON W. ALDRICH. 



NELSON WILMARTH ALDRICH. 



UNITED STATES SENATOR FROM RHODE ISLAND. 



Nelson W. Aldrich was born in Foster, Rhode 
Island, November 6, 1841. During a greater part of 
his life prior to 1858, he resided at Killingly, Windham 
county, in the state of Connecticut. He received a 
thorough education at the schools in his vicinity, 
completing his academic course at the Providence 
Conference seminary at East Greenwich, Rhode 
Island. Leaving that institution in 1857, he went to 
Providence, where he entered upon a successful mer- 
cantile career, in which he has continued to the pres- 
ent time. In 1869 he was elected to the common 
council of the city of Providence, and served in that 
body until 1875. During the years 1872 and 1873 he 
was president of the council. During the years 1875 and 
1876 he was a member of the general assembly of his 
state, and in the latter year was speaker of the house of 
representatives. He was elected to the Forty-sixth 

483 



484 UNITED STATES SENATORS. 

congress in 1878, and was re-elected to the Forty- 
seventh as a republican, by a majority of nearly three 
thousand votes. On the 5th of October, 1881, Mr. 
Aldrich was elected by the grand committee of both 
houses of the Rhode Island legislature to the United 
States senate as a republican, for the unexpired term 
of Senator Burnside, he having died while in office. 
Mr. Aldrich was re-elected in 1886 for the term expir- 
ing March 3, 1893. In the Fiftieth and Fifty -first 
congresses he was chairman of the standing committees 
on rules, and member of the standing committee to 
examine the several branches of the civil service, on 
finance, and on transportation routes to the sea-board. 
He is a prominent Mason, having served as grand 
commander of the Rhode Island and Connecticut 
Knights Templar, and is held in high esteem by the 
people of his state, as his high position would in- 
dicate. 

Senator Aldrich is married, has a family, and his 
wife and daughter reside with him in Washington dur- 
ing the sessions of congress. 




s 




MATTHEW C. BUTLER. 



MATTHEW CALBRAITH BUTLER. 



UNITED STATES SENATOR FROM SOUTH CAROLINA. 



Matthew C. Butler was born near Greenville, South 
Carolina, March 8, 1836. His paternal grandfather 
was General William Butler, who was a brave officer 
in the revolutionary war, and afterwards for many 
years a member of congress. General Butler's sons 
were Dr. William Butler, Andrew P. Butler, judge of 
the state courts and United States senator, Pierce M. 
Butler, an officer in the regular army and governor of 
South Carolina, who fell in 1847 at Cherubusco, at 
the head of the "Palmetto regiment" in the war with 
Mexico. 

Senator Butler's maternal ancestors were the Perrys 
of naval fame. His grandfather was Christopher 
Raymond Perry of Rhode Island, a captain in the 
navy during the American revolution. The hero of 
Lake Erie was his uncle, as also was Commodore 
Matthew Calbraith Perry, who was commissioner to 
Japan, and after whom the subject of this sketch was 

487 






488 UNITED STATES SENATORS. 

named. Commodore Rogers, a hero of the war of 
1 81 2, married a sister of Senator Butler's mother. 
General Francis Marion, of historic memory and the 
hero of every school boy, is remotely included in the 
ancestral line. So that Matthew C. Butler has a 
priceless family inheritance, since he comes of patri- 
otic blood. 

He was born as above stated at the family home- 
stead on Pike's mountain, a few miles from Green- 
field, where he passed his early life. Dr. William 
Butler, his father, was a surgeon in the United States 
navy during the war of 181 2, and afterwards a repre- 
sentative in congress. He was a gentleman of high 
character and marked personal attractions. Senator 
Butler was prepared for college at the academy in 
Edgefield, and entered the South Carolina college in 
1854; but before completing the full course of study 
there, left to commence his preparations for the bar, 
under the tuition of his uncle, Andrew P. Butler, at 
Stonelands, near Edgefield, and was admitted to 
practice in 1857, at the age of twenty-one. He began 
the practice of his profession at Edgefield, where he 
has ever since resided, and soon rose to a commanding 
influence at the bar. In i860, at the age of twenty- 
four, he was elected to the legislature of South Caro- 
lina, and was a leading member of that body. The 
civil war coming on, he cast his fortunes with the 
state, and became an earnest advocate of secession. 
When the conflict actually began, he entered the con- 
federate service, and was made captain of cavalry in 



UNITED STATES SENATORS. 489 

the Hampton legion in June, 1861. He was a brave 
officee and soon commanded the attention of his 
superiors. He was engaged in many of the most 
hotly contested battles of the war, and for gallantry 
upon the field was frequently promoted, rising step 
by step from captain to a major-generalship. In the 
severe cavalry fight at Brandy Station on June 19, 
1863, while leading a regiment of the confederate 
forces under General J. E. B. Stuart, he lost his right 
leg. It was in this battle that General Davis of the 
union forces was killed. The history of his military 
career is that of a brave and humane soldier. 

When the war was ended, General Butler returned 
to Edgefield and again began the practice of law. His 
neighbors and friends, however, elected him to the 
state legislature in 1866, where as a natural conse- 
quence he was a leader in that body. In 1870 he was 
a candidate for lieutenant-governor of the state, and 
the same year he received the democratic vote of the 
legislature for United States senator, but failed of 
election. In 1877, however, the democrats succeeded 
in electing him to that office, and after a severe con- 
test with Mr. Corbin for the seat he was victorious, and 
took his seat December 2nd of the same year. In 
connection with that contested election, participation 
in the Hamburg massacre by connivance at the terri- 
ble negro riot was charged against him, and by him 
indignantly denied. In writing of the matter, Mr. P. 
C. Headley, the biographer, says: "We find no proof 
of the charge, while Mr. Butler's unsullied integrity in 



490 United states senators. 

all the relations of life ought to make his word suf- 
ficient against all but the most irrefragable evidence; 
emphatically is this deemed just when viewed in the 
light of the fact that, in the invasion of Pennsylvania 
by General Lee, his honorable treatment of the citi- 
zens through whose country he passed won their 
grateful admiration." 

In entering the United States senate in 1877, Mr. 
Butler succeeded Thomas J. Robertson, republican, 
and so satisfactorily did he represent his state that in 
1882 he was re-elected. He was again re-elected in 
1889, and his present term will expire March 3, 1895. 

In congress Senator Butler has been chairman of 
the committee on the five civilized tribes of Indians, 
and has been an active member of the committees on 
naval affairs, relations with Canada, territories, estab- 
lishing university of the United States, additional 
accommodations for the library of congress, and for- 
eign relations. 

In the senate chamber Mr. Butler is always listened 
to with close attention. He is sound in law, and in 
literary execution almost faultless. He is a church 
communicant, happy in his domestic relations, and 
blameless in personal character. His family resides 
with him in Washington during the sessions of con- 
gress. 




JOHN L. M. IRBY. 



JOHN LAURENS MANNING IRBY. 



UNITED STATES SENATOR FROM SOUTH CAROLINA. 



John L. M. Irby was born at Laurens, county seat 
of Laurens county, South Carolina, September 10, 
1854. He is descended from one of the oldest and 
most celebrated families of the state of South Carolina. 
His father was Colonel James A. Irby, a distinguished 
lawyer, bright politician, and a large and successful 
planter. His grandfather, Captain William Irby, 
served in the revolutionary war. Three of his grand- 
uncles were murdered by the tories at Hay's Station, 
South Carolina. 

On his mother's side Colonel Irby is descended 
from the Earles, a name which has been distinguished 
for generations, the attorney-general of the state at 
the time of Colonel Irby's selection to the senate, 
Colonel Joseph H. Earles, being a member of the 
family. 

Colonel Irby was educated at the Laurensville 
Male academy, at the College of New Jersey at 
Princeton, New Jersey, and at the University of Vir- 

493 



494 UNITED STATES SENATORS. 

ginia. He studied law under Associate Justice Mc- 
Iven of South Carolina, and was admitted to the bar 
in 1876, at the age of twenty-two. He practiced his 
profession for about three years at Laurens, but in 
1879 he abandoned the law for the purpose of engag- 
ing in agricultural pursuits, and retired to his planta- 
tion in Laurens county, where he still resides. By 
good management and close attention to the affairs 
of his estate, he became independent in means, and 
although not a rich man, he is now rated as one of 
the most prosperous and progressive farmers in the 
state. He lives on his plantation, which is managed 
under his personal supervision, and in which manage- 
ment he takes great pride. 

He was an active political worker in the famous 
Hampton campaign of 1876, and organized a mili- 
tary company in Laurens, of which he was made 
captain, and was subsequently chosen staff officer 
under Governor Hampton, with the rank of lieutenant- 
colonel. He has always been a democrat, and up to 
the year of his election acted politically with the 
Hampton-Butler wing of his party. Colonel Irby was 
elected to the house of representatives of South 
Carolina in 1886, and was one of the leading members 
of that body. He was returned in 1888, and again 
re-elected in 1890. 

Prominent in the farmers' movement from the first, 
when the new party division was organized in March, 
1890, Colonel Irby took a vigorous part in carrying 
its political purposes to success. He was an ardent 



UNITED STATES SENATORS. 495 

and enthusiastic follower of Captain R. R. Tillman, 
and was one of his most trusted advisers in the 
remarkable campaign which resulted in the election of 
Captain Tillman as governor of the state and also in 
securing control of the general assembly of South 
Carolina to members representing the farmers' 
alliance. Colonel Irby was the leader of the alliance 
in his county, and prominent in the councils of the 
state. He was regarded as a man for political pre- 
ferment, and when the Tillman wing of the democratic 
party secured control of the party machinery, Colonel 
Irby was made chairman of the state executive com- 
mittee. The management of the campaign was in- 
trusted to him, and at the assembling of the legis- 
lature he was elected speaker of the house of repre- 
sentatives, and on Thursday, December ii, 1890, he 
was elected United States senator for the full term of 
six years commencing March 4, 1891, and ending 
March 3, 1897. He succeeded in the senate General 
Wade Hampton. The vote for him on the fourth 
and decisive ballot was one hundred and five against 
forty-two for General Hampton and ten for M. P. 
Donaldson. His election to the senatorship indicates 
the appreciation of his party for his energetic and well 
devised efforts to make the alliance revolution a success. 
In congress Senator Irby has been placed upon the 
standing committes on civil service and retrenchment, 
coast defenses, epidemic diseases, mines and mining, 
and postoffices and post roads— a flattering compli- 
ment to so young a man. 
23 



496 UNITED STATES SENATORS. 

Colonel Irby is a man of fine physique, ruddy com- 
plexion, and most perfect health. His movements 
are quick, his perceptions prompt and clear, and his 
utterances practical and to the point. He makes no 
pretentions to scholarship, but is generally well in- 
formed, and is a ready debater and forcible speaker. 
He is a member of the Baptist church. He was but 
thirty-six years of age at the time of his election, and 
is the youngest member of the United States senate. 
His political position in the senate is that of a demo- 
crat in full accord with the policy of the national 
democracy. Whatever is to be gained for the farmers' 
alliance, must, he believes, be gained through the 
democratic party. 





JAMES H. KYLE. 



JAMES HENDERSON KYLE. 



UNITED STATES SENATOR FROM SOUTH DAKOTA. 



James H. Kyle was born near Xenia, Ohio, Febru- 
ary 24, 1854. His grandfather came from Lexington, 
Kentucky, about the year 1800. He was a civil 
engineer and the owner of large estates near Xenia. 
He was also judge of the courts for nearly thirty 
years. He married Rachel Jackson, of the family of 
Old Hickory. The father of the subject of this sketch 
is Thomas B. Kyle, who was born in 1824. He mar- 
ried in 1 85 1 Miss Margaret J. Henderson, of one of 
the old families of western Pennsylvania. He served 
as an officer during the civil war, after which he 
removed to Urbana, Illinois, where he now resides. 
He is by profession a civil engineer. 

James H. Kyle was educated in the common schools, 
graduating from the Union schools of Urbana at six- 
teen years of age, showing a fondness for mathematics. 
The same year he entered the University of Illinois, 
where he remained two years. In the fall of 1873 he 
went east to Oberlin college, where he graduated 
among the first of his class in the classical course 
in 1878. He then prepared for admission to the bar, 
but afterward entered the Western Theological 
seminary at Alleghany, Pennsylvania, where he 

499 



500 UNITED STATES SENATORS. 

graduated in 1882. During his student days he also 
taught for several years, as instructor in ancient 
languages, and in civil and mechanical engineering. 

Mr. Kyle was married on April 27, 1881, to Miss 
Anna I. Dugot, of Oberlin, Ohio. 

In the spring of 1882 he removed to Utah territory 
and became superintendent of an academy and pastor 
of a church at Mt. Pleasant. He was afterward called 
to the pastorate of Plymouth Congregational church 
in Salt Lake City, where he remained till 1885. 
While in Utah he served as an officer under the Utah 
commissioners sent there to execute the Edmunds 
law. In 1886 Mr. Kyle removed to Ipswich, Dakota; 
and in 1889 became pastor of the Congregational 
church at Aberdeen, where he has since resided. In 
1890 he was elected secretary of Yankton college, 
and the same year was elected to the state senate of 
South Dakota, after a spirited contest, on an inde- 
pendent ticket. On February j6, 1891, Mr. Kyle was 
elected to the United States senate, on the fortieth 
ballot, to succeed Judge Gideon C. Moody, of Dead- 
wood, South Dakota. His term will expire March 3, 
1897. 

In politics Senator Kyle is more democratic than 
republican, being a strong advocate of low tariff. In 
congress he has been placed upon the committees on 
education and labor, patents, and irrigation and 
reclamation of arid land. 

Mrs. Kyle resides with her husband in Washington 
during the sessions of congress. 



r* 



^\ 







■> 




RICHARD F. PETTICREW, 



RICHARD FRANKLIN PETTIGREW. 



UNITED STATES SENATOR FROM SOUTH DAKOTA. 



Richard F. Pettigrew was born at Ludlow, Windsor 
county, Vermont, July 26, 1848. In 1854, when young 
Pettigrew was but six years old, his father removed to 
Evansville, Rock county, Wisconsin, and settled on a 
farm. The boy attended the common schools, pre- 
pared for college at the Evansville academy, and 
entered Beloit college in 1866, where he remained 
two years intending to work his way through ; but his 
father died, and it became necessary for him to leave 
college in order to assist in the support of the family. 
He continued his studies, however, giving his atten- 
tion mainly to the law, and in 1869 entered the law 
class in the University of Wisconsin, and in July of 
the same year was admitted to the bar at Janesville. 
He then went to Dakota in the employ of a United 
States deputy surveyor as a laborer, and traveled 

503 



504 UNITED STATES SENATORS. 

1 

over a goodly portion of the state carrying a chain 
for the surveyors. He was attracted to Sioux Falls, 
a desirable place for a rising young man and 
settled there and engaged in the surveying and real 
estate business, and soon became enthusiastically in- 
terested in the development of the territory, and has 
slowly but surely amassed quite a fortune. In 1872 
he opened a law office, and has been in the practice of 
his profession there ever since. 

He was elected to the Dakota legislature as a mem- 
ber of the council in 1877 and was re-elected in 1879. 
He was then elected to the Forty-seventh congress as 
a delegate from Dakota territory. In the years 1884 
and 1885 he was again elected to the territorial 
council, where he did good service for his constituents 
and where he was a leader. In 1883 he was a mem- 
ber of the South Dakota constitutional convention. 
He was chairman of the committee on public indebt- 
edness, and framed the present provisions of the 
constitution on that subject. On October 16, 1889, 
he was elected United States senator, under the pro- 
visions of the act of congress admitting South 
Dakota into the union. He took his seat December 
2, 1889, for the term ending March 3, 1895. ^ n con_ 
gress Senator Pettigrew has served on the comittees 
on improvements of the Mississippi river, Indian 
affairs, railroads, public lands, and quadro-centennial. 

Mr. Pettigrew is married, and his family reside with 
him in Washington when congress is in session. 



*sp 



•*>* 




ISHAM G. HARRIS. 



ISHAM G. HARRIS. 



UNITED STATES SENATOR FROM TENNESSEE. 



Isham G. Harris was born near Tullahoma, Frank- 
lin county, Tennessee, February 10, 1818. He was 
the third of this name, his father and grandfather both 
having borne the same name. His ancestors on both 
sides were of the best revolutionary stock of North 
Carolina. His father was a farmer and surveyor, a 
man of strong native intellect and remarkably well- 
balanced judgment, as well as of the highest sense of 
honor and of the strictest integrity of character, and 
was a man of note and influence in the country in 
which he lived. He reared a family of nine children, 
five of whom were sons, and of these Isham G. was the 
youngest. His elder brothers all became successful 
and popular men in their respective vocations in life 
— one a supreme judge of his state, and one a minister 
of distinction. Young Isham received his early edu- 
cation at the academy at Winchester; but at the age of 
fourteen, seeine that his education and maintenance were 
a charge upon his father, told him that he desired to go 
further west and make his own way. The elder Harris 
consented, and young Isham went to Paris, Henry 

507 



508 UNITED STATES SENATORS. 

county, Tennessee, where an elder brother had previ- 
ously gone and who was engaged in the practice of 
law. Young Harris took employment as a shop-boy 
with a merchant at the small salary of $60 a year and 
board. The next year he received a salary of $350. 
The following year he attended school. He then 
engaged again for another year as clerk at a salary 
of $500, a large sum for the time and locality. Before 
he was quite nineteen years of age he entered on 
business for himself as the partner of an elder brother. 
He carried a stock of goods to Ripley, in northern 
Mississippi, where he opened and controlled the busi- 
ness of the house, and made money rapidly. He was 
fortunate in all his transactions, and was soon 
regarded as a safe and successful merchant. 

Before he was of age he had acquired what was 
deemed a competency in that country at that time, 
and began to have ambitions for something more than 
mere money making. He decided to study law, and 
for the next two years attended shop in the day and 
read law at night with all the concentration of a 
burning purpose. At the end of that time he was 
admitted to the bar. He sold out his business, estab- 
lished a home for his father near Paris, Tennessee, 
and placing the balance of his funds in a bank, began 
the practice of his profession, making his home with 
his father. His hopes were suddenly shattered. The 
bank failed, its notes became worthless, and young 
Harris was left penniless. 

With the decision that has characterized him he went 



UNITED STATES SENATORS. 509 

without delay, without repining, to a rich man of the 
county who had frequently offered him a partnership, 
and, putting his services as an equivalent for the 
money of the rural capitalist, received an advance of 
$io,ooo, and at once commenced business in the town 
of Paris. In two years he had repaired his losses, and 
to the regret of his partner, he then sold out again, 
and again began the practice of the law. The first 
year of his practice guaranteed his success, and a few 
years more placed him among the leaders of the bar 
— able, brilliant, successful. 

Being successful as a business man and as a lawyer, 
and being an ardent democrat, it was but natural that 
his party should look upon him favorably, and in 
1847, against his wishes, he was elected to the state 
legislature. In 1 848 he was the candidate of his party 
for presidential elector on the democratic ticket, and 
in 1849 was elected to congress from the same dis- 
trict. He was re-elected in 1851, and was nominated 
as the candidate of his party in 1853, but declined the 
nomination, as he had no love for politics and pre- 
ferred to devote himself to the law, and removed to 
Memphis, where he has since resided. But the people 
would not allow him to go out of politics, and he was 
made presidential elector for the state at large in 
1856, and was elected governor of Tennessee in 1857. 
He was re-elected in 1859, and again in 1 861, and 
served until the capital of the state was about to pass 
into the hands of the union forces, when he felt that 
his place was in the army. He went upon the staff of 



5IO UNITED STATES SENATORS. 

Gen. Albert Syndey Johnston as a volunteer aide, and 
when that general met his mortal wound at Shiloh he 
received the dying soldier in his arms. Governor 
Harris continued with the Army of the Tennessee 
during the remainder of the war, sharing in the 
dangers as well as the fatigues of its campaigns, and 
taking part in all the great battles in which it was 
engaged, except Perryville. He was a counsellor 
whose audacity, experience, and position of indepen- 
dence often proved valuable to the commanding 
general. 

When the war began he was worth $150,000; when 
it closed he had nothing. He evaded capture on 
parole, went into exile in Mexico, where he remained 
eighteen months, and then went to England, where he 
spent nearly a year. In 1867 he returned to Memphis 
and resumed the practice of law, and abjured politics 
for the next ten years. In 1876 he announced him- 
self as a candidate for the United States senate, was 
elected, and took his seat March 5, 1877, and was 
re-elected in 1883, and again in 1889, the latter term 
to expire March 3, 1895. 

In congress Senator Harris has served on the com- 
mittees on claims, District of Columbia, finance, inter- 
state commerce, rules, to establish the University of 
the United States, and is chairman of the committee 
on epidemic diseases. 

Senator Harris married Miss Martha M. Travis, 
daughter of Edward Travis, of West Tennessee, and 
has had five sons. 




WILLIAM B. BATE. 



WILLIAM B. BATE. 



UNITED STATES SENATOR FROM TENNESSEE. 



William B. Bate was born near Castalian Springs, 
Sumner county, Tennessee, and received an academic 
education. When quite a youth he served for a time 
as second clerk on a steamboat plying between Nash- 
ville and New Orleans. When the Mexican war 
broke out, he enlisted as a private and served through- 
out the war in Louisiana and Tennessee regiments. 
Peace having been restored, he returned to Tennessee, 
and the following year was elected to the state legis- 
lature. The experiences of the war and his services 
in the legislature broadened the scope of his mental 
horizon and lent to him new ambitions, and he decided 
to study law and entered the Lebanon Law school, 
from which he graduated in 1852. He commenced 
the practice of his profession at Gallatin, the county- 
seat of his native county. He rose rapidly in the 
esteem of his fellow citizens both as a lawyer and 
as a man, and in 1854 was elected attorney-general 
for the Nashville district for six years. During his 
term of office he was nominated for congress, but 
declined the nomination. In i860 he was a presi- 
dential elector on the Breckinridge and Lane ticket. 
When the civil war came on he cast his lot with the 

513 



5H UNITED STATES SENATORS. 

south and enlisted as a private in the confederate 
army. He was soon chosen captain, then colonel, and 
for bravery displayed on the battle field, was pro- 
moted to brigadier-general and then to major-general. 
He surrendered with the Army of the Tennessee in 1 865. 
During the war he participated in some of the most 
hotly contested engagements, and was on three sepa- 
rate occasions dangerously wounded. 

After the close of the war General Bate returned to 
Tennessee and resumed the practice of law. In 1868 
he was a delegate to the national democratic conven- 
tion that placed in nomination for the presidency 
Horatio Seymour. For the next succeeding twelve 
years he served as a member of the national demo- 
cratic executive committee for Tennessee. He was 
an elector for the state at large on the Tilden and 
Hendricks ticket in 1876, and did good service in the 
canvass of that year In 1882 he was elected gov- 
ernor of Tennessee, and in 1884 was re-elected with- 
out opposition. In January, 1887, he was elected 
United States senator as a democrat to succeed 
Washington C. Whitthorne, and took his seat March 
4, 1887, for the term expiring March 3, 1893. 

In congress Senator Bate has served on the com- 
mittees on agriculture and forestry, improvement of 
the Mississippi river, military affairs, mines and mining, 
and railroads. 

Mr. Bate is married, has a comfortable home at 
Nashville, Tennessee, and when congress is in session, 
lives with his family in Washington. 




RICHARD COKE. 



RICHARD COKE. 



UNITED STATES SENATOR FROM TEXAS. 



Richard Coke was born at Williamsburg, Virginia, 
March 13, 1829. In the schools of his boyhood 
he made rapid progress, and entered at an early age 
William and Mary college, from which he was grad- 
uated with honor in 1849, at the age of twenty years. 
Having chosen the profession of law, he dilligently 
and thoroughly prepared himself for the bar, and on 
obtaining his license in 1850 he removed to Texas 
and located at Waco, where he began the practice of 
his profession and has since continued to reside. He 
was a young man of sterling qualities, steady habits 
and popular manners, which, in conjunction with a 
strong mind and finished education, soon opened to 
him the avenues of success and distinction. His pro- 
fessional ascent was rapid and brilliant, and in a few 

517 



5 l8 UNITED STATES SENATORS. 

years he took a position in the front rank of the bar 
of his district. 

Mr. Coke was thoroughly in sympathy with the 
institutions of the south, and when the civil war called 
for southern regiments he responded with alacrity and 
enlisted as a private in the confederate army. He 
was promoted to a captaincy and served throughout 
the conflict. When the contest was ended and the 
forces disbanded, Mr. Coke returned to Waco and 
again engaged in the practice of law. Soon civil 
honors began to crowd upon him. He was offered 
and accepted the office of judge of his district, and 
his popularity was such with his party that the follow- 
ing year, 1866, he was nominated for the office of 
judge of the supreme court of the state and was 
elected by a large majority. Personally he was equal 
to the position and was considered a very able judge, 
but he was intensely southern in his sympathies, and 
after occupying the position for one year, he was 
removed by General Sheridan, who was carrying 
forward the reconstruction measures of the govern- 
ment, on the grounds that he was an "impediment to 
reconstruction." Mr. Coke returned to his legal 
practice at Waco, in which he quietly prospered and 
grew in popularity. In 1873 he was nominated by his 
party for governor of Texas, and after a spirited con- 
test he was elected by over fifty thousand majority, 
together with the entire delegation of congressmen 
and a large majority of the members of the state 
legislature. On the 15th of January, 1874, Governor 



UNITED STATES SENATORS. 5 I 9 

Coke and Lieutenant-governor Hubbard were duly 
inaugurated and installed in their respective offices. 
The appointments of Governor Coke to the bench and 
to all other important positions were very popular 
and highly judicious, and during his administration 
the entire machinery of the state government was 
brouo-ht into smooth and harmonious action. New 
avenues of prosperity were opened up to the people, 
new enterprises were stimulated, and new hopes 
inspired, until the highest anticipations of prosperity 
seized upon the minds of all classes of people. Rail- 
road communications of the most vital importance 
were established, and a constant tide of immigration 
flowed into the state. The people of Texas smarted 
under the constitution forced upon them by the mili- 
tary authority and its allies in the state, and it was 
under the auspices of the administration of Governor 
Coke that the constitution of 1875 was framed and 
adopted, and which forms the present organic law of 
the state. This constitution effected a change in the 
tenure of office, and in February, 1876, Governor 
Coke was re-elected by a majority of over one hun- 
dred and two thousand. In April of the same year 
he was elected United States senator to succeed 
Morgan C. Hamilton, republican, and took his seat 
March 4, 1877. He continued, however, to perform 
the duties of the gubernatorial office from the time 
he was elected senator until the following December, 
when he resigned the position to the lieutenant-gov- 
ernor. Senator Coke was re-elected in 1883, and 



520 UNITED STATES SENATORS. 

again re-elected in 1889. His present term will expire 
March 3, 1895. 

In congress Senator Coke has served as chairman 
of the committee on revolutionary claims, and member 
of the committees on commerce, and judiciary, and 
on the select committee on transportation and sale of 
meat products. 

As a United States senator he has been true and 
faithful to the interests of his party and his people, 
constant in his efforts to promote the public welfare, 
and able in the advocacy of the principles of the party 
to which he belongs. His mental organization is of 
high order and his professional learning is thorough. 
His arguments and decisions evince, both in expo- 
sition and research, the qualities of a profound lawyer 
and an able judge. Viewed from whatever stand- 
point, in every sphere of his life, judge, governor, 
senator, or citizen, Senator Coke is one of the most 
eminent of Texans. 




HORACE CHILTON. 






HORACE CHILTON. 



UNITED STATES SENATOR FROM TEXAS. 



Horace Chilton was born in Smith county, Texas, 
December 29, 1853. His father was George W. 
Chilton and his mother Miss Ella Goodman, both 
formerly of Alabama. Young- Chilton was reared in 
Tyler, Texas, where he now resides. He was edu- 
cated in the schools of that town under the tutorship 
of Thomas Smith find John T. Hand. He also 
attended the Lynnland Institute in Hardin county, 
Kentucky, one session. 

At the age of fifteen he was thrown upon his own 
resources. Besides himself he had his mother and 
sister to provide for, and it became necessary for him 
to seek such employment as would benefit him not 
only financially but in an educational way. He left 
college in the midst of his educational course, and 
entered a printing office where he acquired a practical 
knowledge of the printing trade, all the while pursu- 
ing his studies at night, the only time he could call 
his own. He labored in this calling in various towns 
in Texas and Louisiana, and finally started a small 
24 523 



524 UNITED STATES SENATORS. 

newspaper in Tyler, which paper he conducted until 
he saved sufficient money to sustain himself while 
studying law. After being admitted to the bar, he 
began practice and rose very rapidly in his profession, 
and having been a close student and an industrious 
worker he soon ranked high at the bar of his state- 
He has been successful, too, in a financial way in his 
practice, and has accumulated a handsome competency. 

In 1877 he was married to Miss Mary W. Grinnan, 
and they have now five interesting children. 

In 1 88 1 he was appointed assistant attorney gen- 
eral of the state of Texas by Governor Roberts, 
without solicitation, an appointment which he filled 
with credit to himself and the satisfaction of the peo- 
ple until the close of his term, when he returned to a 
successful practice. 

He was a delegate at large to the national demo- 
cratic convention in St. Louis in 1888. In 1891 he 
was appointed by Governor Hogg United States sen- 
ator as a democrat to fill the vacancy created by the 
resignation of Hon. John H. Reagan, and took his 
seat December 7, 1891. Senator Reagan's term would 
have expired March 3, 1893. 

In congress Senator Chilton has been placed on the 
committees on postoffices and post roads, coast 
defenses, and patents. 

Mr. Chilton is said to hold conservative views, and 
to be very courteous in manner. He is regarded as a 
political economist of much learning, and is likely to 
make his mark. 




JUSTIN S. MORRILL. 






JUSTIN SMITH MORRILL. 



UNITED STATES SENATOR FROM VERMONT. 



Justin S. Morrill is the patriarch of the United 
States senate, having first been elected to that body 
in 1867, and at the expiration of his present term will 
have served thirty years in the senate and twelve 
years in the house of representatives, making a total 
service in congress of forty-two years. He is not only 
old in years but is old in experience and usefulness as 
well, though young in spirit and body. He was born 
in the town of Strafford, Orange county, Vermont, 
April 14, 1 8 10, and at this writing, January, 1892, is 
nearly eighty-two years of age. Senator Morrill in 
his boyhood attended the common schools, and after- 
ward received an academic education, and in his early 
manhood engaged in mercantile pursuits. He fol- 
lowed this business for some years and then abandoned 
the life of a merchant for the more congenial pursuit 
to him, of agriculture. But the people called him 
into the arena of politics, electing him representative 
in 1855 to the Thirty-fourth congress, in which he 
established his reputation as a wise and reliable 
member of the house. At the expiration of his first 
term, with no effort on his part, he was without spe- 

527 



528 UNITED STATES SENATORS. 

cial dissent re-elected to the Thirty-fifth, Thirty-sixth, 
Thirty-seventh, Thirty-eighth, and Thirty-ninth con- 
gresses, wherein he made a faithful, hard-working, 
public servant. He was the author of the Morrill 
tariff of 1 86 1, and acted as chairman of the committee 
of ways and means in 1864 and 1865. He was con- 
sidered a safe and conservative counsellor and leader 
in the years of the great civil war, and his labor did 
much to shape the legislation of the country dur- 
ing that trying period. In 1866 Mr. Morrill was 
elected to the United States senate as a union 
republican, and took his seat in that body March 4, 
1867. At the expiration of his term he was re-elected 
in 1873, again re-elected in 1879, again in 1885, an< ^ 
again re-elected in 1891, for the term to expire in 
1897. F° r many years Senator Morrill has served 
on such standing committees in the senate as finance, 
public buildings and grounds, revolutionary claims, 
census, and other important committees. In most of 
the congresses since he has been in the senate he has 
been chairman of the committee on finance, and in 
addition to being a member of several regular stand- 
ing committees, has served on the special committee 
on additional accommodations for the library of con- 
gress, as well as upon other select committees. 

He is the author of a work entitled "Self Con- 
sciousness of Noted Persons." 

Senator Morrill resides with his family at Wash- 
ington during the sessions of congress. His home is 
at Strafford, Vermont, the place of his birth. 




REDFIELD PROCTOR. 



REDFIELD PROCTOR. 



UNITED STATES SENATOR FROM VERMONT. 



Redfield Proctor was born at Proctorsville, Windsor 
county, Vermont, June i, 1831. His father was a 
farmer, manufacturer, and trader, and was the first 
permanent settler of the village, from whom it derived 
its name. In his youth he attended the common 
schools, and later entered Dartmouth college, from 
which institution he graduated in 1851 at the age of 
twenty. He studied law at the Albany Law school, 
and graduated therefrom in 1859, and began the 
practice of his profession in Boston, Massachusetts, 
with his cousin, Isaac R. Redfield, an able lawyer and 
an eminent jurist. 

When the civil war broke out, Mr. Proctor felt that 
he owed something to his country, and he returned to 
his home in Vermont, and at once volunteered as a 
soldier, serving as quartermaster of the First Ver- 
mont regiment, and as brigade and division quarter- 
master on the staff of General William F. Smith — 



531 



532 UNITED STATES SENATORS. 

known as Baldy Smith — until September, 1861, when 
he was promoted to major of the Fifth regiment. In 
the summer of 1862 he was so ill that for a time his 
life was despaired of, but on his recovery in the fall 
he was elected colonel of the Fifteenth regiment. He 
served faithfully until the autumn of 1863, when he 
was mustered out at the expiration of his term, and 
returned to his home in Vermont with his health more 
or less shattered. He gave his attention for a time 
to farming, until his health was repaired, and then for 
several years divided his attention between farming 
and the practice of law. 

In 1869 ne was made receiver of the Sutherland 
Falls Marble company, which was seriously involved 
in litigation and threatened with bankruptcy. He un- 
tangled the affairs of the company, and by his energy 
and business acumen soon doubled its capital and 
producing capacity. He purchased an interest in the 
company, and it soon became a power in the marble 
industry. In 1883 he consolidated several companies 
and formed the Vermont Marble company, of which 
he became president and manager, and from which 
investment he acquired a large fortune. Later on he 
formed a combination of all the leading marble 
industries of Vermont, and started the Producers' 
Marble company of Rutland. This company controls 
to a large extent the marble industries of America. 

Mr. Proctor has always been a republican, and has 
taken an active interest in politics in Vermont. In 
1867 ne was elected to the Vermont house of repre- 



UNITED STATES SENATORS. 533 

sentatives, where he very soon became a leading 
member. He was re-elected in 1868, and again in 
1888. From 1874 to 1876 he was a member of the 
state senate, and was president of that body. In the 
latter year he was elected lieutenant-governor of the 
state and served for two years, at the end of which 
time he was advanced to the more exalted position of 
governor. He served very acceptably from 1878 to 
1880, and was offered a re-election, but declined. He 
was a delegate at large to the national republican con- 
vention in Chicago in 1884, and was again a delegate 
in 1888, being chairman of the Vermont delegation in 
the latter convention, and from the first ballot to the last 
voted for the nomination of Mr. Harrison. In 1888 
the Vermont legislature unanimously recommended 
Mr. Proctor for a cabinet position, and in the following 
March he was appointed by President Harrison as 
secretary of war, in which position he was unusually 
successful, as he took to that department business 
habits and knowledge of affairs very beneficial in the 
management of the office. He served in the cabinet 
from March, 1889, to November, 1891; and when 
Hon. George F. Edmunds sent his resignation of his 
office of United States senator to the governor of 
Vermont in the summer of 1891, it was a foregone 
conclusion that Governor Page of that state would 
select Mr. Proctor to succeed the retiring statesman. 
Indeed, no other name was mentioned, and Mr. 
Proctor was appointed United States senator to fill 
the vacancy. Mr. Proctor resigned from the cabinet 



534 UNITED STATES SENATORS. 

and accepted the appointment, taking his seat in the 
senate December 7, 1891. Mr. Edmund's term would 
have expired March 3, 1893. 

Senator Proctor was made chairman of the com- 
mittee to establish the University of the United States, 
and member of the committees on revision of the 
laws, private land claims, military affairs, immigration, 
and organization, conduct and expenditures of the 
executive department. 

Mr. Proctor was married in 1858 to Miss Emily J. 
Dutton, of Cavendish, and now resides at Proctor, 
Rutland county, Vermont. 

He is a man of democratic habits, and very popular 
with the people of his state. He is over six feet tall, 
is slender in build, his face is long, and in general ap- 
pearance he is very like what our English friends 
delight to portray as a typical Yankee. He is wealthy, 
and with his wife and daughter, lives in good style in 
Washington while in public life. 

He still owns a big farm in Vermont and runs it, 
and is said to possess some of the finest blooded 
cattle in the country, and he is fond of a country life. 




JOHN W. DANIEL. 



JOHN WARWICK DANIEL 



UNITED STATES SENATOR FROM VIRGINIA. 



John W. Daniel was born in Lynchburg, Campbell 
county, Virginia, September 5, 1842. His father was 
Judge William Daniel, jr., who for many years served 
as judge of the supreme court of appeals of Virginia 
— a cousin of Judge Peter V. Daniel, of the United 
States supreme court, and of John M. Daniel, United 
States minister to Sardinia. His paternal grandfather 
was Judge William Daniel, sr., of the Virginia general 
court. Both father and grandfather were distinguished 
as jurists and as democratic advocates — Judge William 
Daniel, sr., being an ardent supporter of Jefferson 
and the resolution of 1 798, and Judge William Daniel, 
jr., an elector for Van Buren in 1840. The latter 
was distinguished as an orator before he went upon 
the bench. Senator Daniel's paternal grandmother 
was Miss Margaret Baldwin, of Virginia, a daughter 
of a Connecticut surgeon in the war of the revolution, 
and of a family distinguished in New England history. 
John M. Warwick, his maternal grandfather, was a 
manufacturer and merchant of Lynchburg who occu- 
pied a high position in the community, and his ma- 
ternal grandmother, Miss Caroline Norvell, of Scotch 

537 



538 UNITED STATES SENATORS. 

descent, was of a leading family of the same town. 
Senator Daniel received his early education in the 
schools of Lynchburg, at Lynchburg college, and at 
Dr. Gessner Harrison's University school. Being 
very fond of languages rather than scientific studies, 
at the early age of eighteen he was versed in Latin, 
Greek, French and German. 

He was but nineteen years of age when the civil 
war broke out, and with the characteristic state pride 
of those reared in the "Old Dominion," he stood by 
the land of his birth, and when the ordinance of 
secession was passed, he emphasized his convictions 
by entering the confederate army as a volunteer. He 
soon was promoted to second lieutenant in the 
Twenty-seventh Virginia regiment of Stonewall bri- 
gade. He was wounded at the first battle of Manassas 
in 1861, was at Boonsboro in 1862, and at Antietam; 
and in the battle of the Wilderness in 1864 had his 
leg broken and crippled in a charge. After being 
shot from his horse he lay between the firing lines, 
but was saved from death by bleeding, by a private 
soldier — James Horn of the Forty-second Virginia 
infantry — who bound his wound with a sash while 
General Daniel held his limb with his hands to stop 
the flow of blood. Senator Daniel says when he 
read of Sidney Johnson's bleeding to death on the 
field at Shiloh, he determined to keep a sash ready 
for an emergency, and the moment he struck the 
ground he thought of the sash which he carried for 
the purpose and which saved his life. He served 



UNITED STATES SENATORS. 539 

throughout the war in the armies of northern Virginia, 
and at the time of the battle of the Wilderness was 
adjutant-general on the staff of General Jubal A. 
Early. 

While recovering from his wound General Daniel 
studied law, and during ' 1865 and 1866 attended 
lectures at the University of Virginia. He came to 
the bar in 1866 as a partner of his father who had 
retired from the bench and had a large practice. 
During the years 1868 and 1869 he wrote "Daniel on 
Attachments," and later on became the author of 
"Daniel on Negotiable Instruments," which has a 
world-wide reputation, and which has passed through 
four editions and is extensively quoted by English 
and American courts. Having a strong love for his 
profession, and being a close legal student, with com- 
manding abilities, it is little wonder that he has 
enjoyed an extensive, successful, and lucrative practice. 
He has followed no other business but that of the 
law, but was for ten years a bank president in Lynch- 
burg, the city of his birth and his present home. 

In 1869 he married Miss Julia E. Murrell of his 
native town, and they have five children, two daugh- 
ters and three sons. 

Mr. Daniel entered public life in 1869, and served 
two terms in the Virginia house of delegates, from 
1869 to 1872. He was a member of the Virginia 
senate from 1875 to 1 881, when he resigned, being 
unanimously nominated for governor by the demo- 
cratic party. He was defeated at the election by W. 



54° UNITED STATES SENATORS. 

E. Cameron, re-adjuster. In 1885 he was unanimously 
nominated by his party for congress, and was elected ; 
but during the first session of his service he was 
elected to the United States senate, to succeed Wil- 
liam Mahone, and took his seat March 4, 1887, for the 
term expiring March 3, 1893. On the 15th of De- 
cember, 1 89 1, the general assembly of Virginia 
re-elected him for the term beginning March 4, 1893, 
and ending March 3, 1899. He received every vote 
in both branches. 

Senator Daniel was an elector at large on the 
Tilden ticket in J 876, seconded Hancock's nomination 
for the presidency in 1880 in the national democratic 
convention, and Thurman's nomination for the vice- 
presidency in 1888. 

He has made many public addresses. He delivered 
the oration at the unveiling of Gen. Lee's monument 
at Lexington in 1883; and by invitation of congress 
he delivered the address at the dedication of the 
Washington monument in 1885. By invitation of the 
general assembly of Virginia, he delivered the oration 
at the memorial exercises upon the death of Jefferson 
Davis in 1890. 

In congress Senator Daniel is a hard worker, and a 
member of the committees on Indian affairs, public 
buildings, immigration, revision of the laws, and the 
quadro-centennial. 

The degree of LL. D. has been conferred upon him 
by the Washington and Lee university of Virginia, 
and also by the Michigan university at Ann Arbor. 








JOHN S. BARBOUR. 



JOHN S. BARBOUR 



UNITED STATES SENATOR FROM VIRGINIA. 



John S. Barbour was born in Culpeper county, 
Virginia, December 29, 1820, and is consequently in 
the seventy-second year of his age. As a young man 
he pursued a course of study at the University of 
Virginia for three years, and graduated from the 
school of law in that institution in 1842. At the age 
of twenty-two he began the practice of law in his 
native county of Culpeper, and was very successful in 
his profession. In 1847 he was elected to the legis- 
lature of Virginia from his county, and was re-elected, 
serving four consecutive sessions. In that body he 
was a leading member, and thereby became well 
known throughout the state as a man of unusual 
energy and ability. In 1852 Mr. Barbour was elected 
president of the railway company then called the 
Orange and Alexandria Railroad company. He 
served in that position until the road was merged 

543 



544 UNITED STATES SENATORS. 

into what is now known as the Virginia Midland 
Railroad company, of which road he continued presi- 
dent till he resigned the position in 1883. 

He was elected to the Forty-seventh congress in 
1 88 1, and was re-elected to the Forty-eighth and 
Forty-ninth congresses. He was elected to the United 
States senate as a democrat to succeed Harrison H. 
Riddleberger, the last of the readjusters in the senate 
from that state. Senator Barbour took his seat March 
4, 1889. His term of service will expire March 3, 
1895. 

In the senate Mr. Barbour has served as a member 
of the standing committees on the District of Colum- 
bia, education and labor, inter-state commerce, organ- 
ization, conduct and expenditure of the executive de- 
partments, and pensions, and has been a member of 
the select committee to investigate the condition of 
the Potomac river in front of Washington. 

Mr. Barbour's home is at Alexandria, Virginia. 







JOHN B. ALLEN 






JOHN BEARD ALLEN. 



UNITED STATES SENATOR FROM WASHINGTON. 



John B. Allen was born in Crawfordsville, Mont- 
gomery county, Indiana, May iS, 1845. In his early 
boyhood he attended the public schools at or near his 
native town, and later received instruction at Wabash 
college, Crawfordsville. At the age of nineteen he 
enlisted in the One hundred and thirty-fifth regiment 
of Indiana volunteers and served in Tennessee and 
Alabama until mustered out with his regiment in 
1865. He then returned to Indiana, and with his 
parents removed to Rochester, Minnesota, where he 
resided until January, 1870. During his first year in 
Minnesota he served as an agent for a firm of grain 
men. He then read law in the office of Judge Wilson 
of Rochester, and soon entered the law school at Ann 
Arbor, Michigan, and was admitted to the bar in 
1869. In 1870 he removed to Washington territory 
and settled at Olympia, the present capital of the new 
state, where he opened an office in the public reading 
room, of which he became the custodian at the salary 
of fifteen dollars per month. He practiced law, how- 
ever, in the meantime, and before he was twenty-six 
years old had an unprecedented practice for one of 

547 



54-8 UNITED STATES SENATORS. 

that age, and was regarded as a lawyer of great 
promise and an orator of unusual force and ability. 
His compeers and often competitors were such 
legal lights as ex-Chief-Justice Dennison, ex-Justice 
McFadden, Elwood Evans, Governor Ferry, and 
others of more than local reputation. In 1875 ne was 
appointed United States attorney for Washington ter- 
ritory by President Grant, and in this position 
for over ten years, through the administrations of 
Grant, Hayes, and Arthur, he served with distinction. 
In 1 88 1 he removed to Walla Walla, which city has 
since been his home, and where he has built up what 
is probably the most lucrative as well as the most 
successful practice in eastern Washington. In 1878 
he was reporter of the supreme court of Washington 
territory, and held that position until 1885. Mr. 
Allen was elected to the Fifty-first congress as a 
republican ; but when Washington territory was ad- 
mitted into the union, under the provisions of the act 
of congress, he was elected United States senator, and 
took his seat December 2, 1889, for the term expiring 
March 3, 1893. 

In congress, Senator Allen has served on the com- 
mittees on claims, public lands, Indian depredations, 
and woman suffrage. 

Senator Allen is affable, courteous, easy of ap- 
proach, careful of what he promises or does, faithful 
to his friends, and of the most unswerving integrity, as 
well as a patriot and most excellent citizen and 
neighbor. He is married. 




WATSON C. SQUIRE 



WATSON C SQUIRE. 



UNITED STATES SENATOR FROM WASHINGTON. 



Watson C. Squire was born in Cape Vincent, Jef- 
ferson county, New York, May 18, 1838. He was 
prepared for college in the seminaries at Fulton, 
Oswego county, and at Fairfield, Herkimer county, 
that state, and was graduated from the Wesleyan 
university at Middletown, Connecticut, in 1859. For 
a time he studied law in the office of Judge Ezra 
Graves, at Herkimer, New York, but afterward be- 
came principal of the Moravia institute at Moravia, 
Cayuga county, New York, where he taught until the 
breaking out of the civil war in 1861. He then 
enlisted in Company F, Nineteenth New York regi- 
ment of infantry for three months' service, and was 
promoted to first lieutenant of the company. After 
serving on the upper Potomac till the fall of 1 861, he 
was honorably mustered out of the service. He then 
removed to the state of Ohio, and for the following 
year studied law in the office of Judge Rufus P. 
Ranney at Cleveland, and was admitted to practice 
in the supreme court of Ohio in June, 1862. In the 
fall of that year, in response to the call of President 
Lincoln for more troops, he raised a company of 



552 UNITED STATES SENATORS. 

sharpshooters, of which he was commissioned captain. 
Soon afterward he was placed in command of the 
First battalion of Ohio sharpshooters. He served in 
the Army of the Cumberland and participated in the 
battles of Chickamauga, Chattanooga, Nashville, 
Resaca, and numerous other engagements. He was 
promoted three times, and during the latter part of 
his service in the army was judge advocate of 
Tennessee on the staff of General Rousseau and also 
on the staff of General George H. Thomas, with head- 
quarters at Nashville. 

At the close of the war he was employed by the 
Remington Firearms company, and applied himself 
for the next thirteen years to the study of breach- 
loading arms and the sale of the same, in the mean- 
time becoming a member of the company as well as 
its business manager. The company not only manu- 
factured many kinds of firearms, but typewriters, and 
other articles. Mr. Squires at first represented the 
company in New York, but subsequently visited the 
capitals of Russia, Spain, Turkey, Mexico, and other 
countries. One contract was made with France for 
fifteen million dollars worth of firearms. In 1876 he 
purchased large landed and other interests in Wash- 
ington territory. Having great faith in the future 
developments of that country, he returned to New 
York and disposed of his interests in the Remington 
company, and in 1879 removed to Washington and 
settled at Seattle, where he has ever since resided. He 
engaged largely in farming as well as in various other 



UNITED STATES SENATORS. 553 

enterprises, and became thoroughly identified with the 
growth and development of that commonwealth. 

In 1884 he was appointed governor of Washington 
territory by President Arthur, and served in that 
position for three years, distinguishing himself by his 
course as executive during the anti-Chinese riots. He 
has contributed largely to the advancement and de- 
velopment of the country, and has done as much as 
any one in the matter of creating the new state. His 
first report as governor to the secretary of the interior 
was pronounced by Secretary Teller as the best 
report ever given by any governor of any territory. 
He was elected to the United States senate as a 
republican November 21, 1889, under the provisions 
of the act of congress admitting Washington territory 
into the union as a state, and took his seat on the 2nd 
of December of the same year, for the term ending 
March 3, 1891, at the expiration of which time he 
was re-elected for the full term of six years, which 
term will expire March 3, 1897. 

In congress Senator Squire has served as a mem- 
ber of the standing committees on coast defenses, 
fisheries, immigration, and public buildings and 
grounds, on all of which matters his state is especially 
interested, and on all of which subjects Senator 
Squire is especially well qualified. 

Having a collegiate education, military training in 
the army, and years of good business experience, and 
the benefit of extensive foreign travel, as well as 
three years of political schooling as governor of a new 



554 UNITED STATES SENATORS. 

territory — with good common sense to back it all — 
Senator Squire is certainly qualified for the exalted 
position he holds in the government of the country. 
His having been twice elected to the best office within 
the gift of the people of his state is evidence of the 
esteem in which he is held by his constituency. 

Senator Squire is married, and Mrs. Squire crosses 
the continent to be with her husband during the 
sessions of the senate. 




f~ 




CHARLES J. FAULKNER. 



CHARLES JAMES FAULKNER. 



UNITED STATES SENATOR FROM WEST VIRGINIA. 



Charles J. Faulkner was born in Martinsburg, 
Berkeley county, Virginia — now West Virginia — Sep- 
tember 21, 1847. He was the second son of Hon. 
Charles J. Faulkner, one of the most prominent men 
that section of country ever produced, and who stood 
high at the bar as a lawyer for more than fifty years, 
holding in the meantime many offices of trust and 
honor, having been a member of the Virginia house of 
delegates, commissioner on the disputed boundary 
line between Virginia and Maryland, state senator, 
member of the Virginia constitutional convention, 
member of congress for several terms, being a repre- 
sentative from both Virginia and West Virginia, and 
minister to France during the administration of Presi- 
dent Buchanan, and a member of "Stonewall" Jack- 
son's staff in the confederate army. 

Senator Faulkner's education really commenced, 

557 



55^ UNITED STATES SENATORS. 

when, in 1859, he accompanied his father to France, 
as during his stay in Europe he attended some of the 
best and most noted schools of the continent, princi- 
pally at Paris and in Switzerland. His mind was 
broadened and strengthened by the opportunity for 
observation of men and customs which his residence 
in a foreign country gave him, and his life in France 
strengthened that self-confidence which was to win 
applause more than once on the battle field. 

At the beginning of the civil war in America he at 
once returned to his native state and entered the 
Virginia Military academy to prepare himself to 
render as valuable service as was in his power to his 
state in the hour of her need. He served with the 
Virginia Military Institute cadets in the battle of New 
Market; took part in the bloody charge upon the 
federal works, and his gallantry on this occasion so 
pleased General Breckinridge that he, on the battle- 
field, offered the young cadet a position on his per- 
sonal staff as aid. This position was accepted, and 
during his connection with that general and with 
General Henry A. Wise, on whose staff he served, he 
was engaged in some of the most hotly centested 
battles which marked the close of the great struggle. 

Upon the close of the war he returned to Boydville, 
his home in Martinsburg, and settling upon law as the 
profession of his choice, studied under the direction of 
his father until October, 1866, when he entered the 
University of Virginia, graduating from that institu- 
tion two years later, in 1868, at the age of twenty-one. 



UNITED STATES SENATORS. 559 

Soon after his graduation Mr. Faulkner married 
Miss Sallie Winn of Charlottesville, Virginia, and 
located in Martinsburg, where he has since resided. 

He brought to his chosen profession a mind natur- 
ally judicial in its trend, a love of study, and a capacity 
for infinite pains-taking ; hence, it is no wonder that 
his success at the bar was rapid, and the ability of the 
young lawyer was soon recognized and rewarded. 

In October, 1 880, at the age of thirty-three, he was 
elected judge of the Thirteenth judicial circuit of West 
Virginia, filling the position for seven years with honor 
to himself and satisfaction to his circuit, and only 
resigning to take the seat in the United States senate 
to which he was elected in 1887, to succeed Johnson 
N. Camden. 

During Senator Faulkner's services in the senate he 
has been prominently identified with the fate of three 
of the most important measures that have occupied 
the attention of congress for the last decade — the 
educational bill, the tariff bill of 1890, and the force 
bill. His opposition to all these measures has been 
thorough and continuous. His speeches against the 
educational bill and the tariff of 1890 commanded the 
attention not only of the senate and his state, but of 
the entire country, and no one was more uncom- 
promising in opposition to the force bill than he. 
From the day of its introduction in the senate until 
the day of its defeat he opposed its progress step by 
step. His seat in the chamber was never unoccupied, 
his efforts against it were well-directed and untiring, 



560 UNITED STATES SENATORS. 

and his all-night speech, in which he held his own for 
twelve hours against its most prominent advocates 
will long be remembered as an effort worthy of the 
occasion, and his final triumph was that of a leader. 

In congress Senator Faulkner has served on such 
committees as claims, District of Columbia, mines and 
mining, pensions, and the select committee on Indian 
depredations. 

While he has proved himself able and skillful on 
the floor of the senate, he has been no less capable as 
a worker in the committee rooms, and to his labor is 
due the shaping of much important legislation. 

His term of service will expire March 3, 1893. 




JOHN E. KENNA 



JOHN E. KENNA. 



UNITED STATES SENATOR FROM WEST VIRGINIA. 



John E. Kenna was born in Valcoulon, Kanawha 
county, Virginia — now West Virginia — April 10, 1848. 
His youthful days were mostly spent in work on the 
farm, doing " chores," running errands, building fence, 
plowing, and all the attendant labor of rural farm life, 
obtaining, however, in the meantime, such education 
as the schools in his vicinity then afforded. When the 
hostilities began between the north and the south, and 
the " Old Dominion " had voted to secede from the 
union, young Kenna in 1861 espoused the southern 
cause, and although but thirteen years of age, joined 
the confederate army as a private soldier. He served 
chiefly in the west and southwest, and in 1864 was 
wounded, and in 1865 was surrendered at Shreveport, 
Louisiana. At the close of the war he returned to his 
native state, and began a preparatory study for col- 
lege, and afterward attended St. Vincent's at Wheel- 
ing. He studied law with Miller & Quarrier at 
Charleston, and on June 20, 1870, having completed 

563 



564 UNITED STATES SENATORS. 

his preparatory studies for that profession, he was 
admitted to the bar, and at once began practice, and 
has pursued his profession at Charleston from that 
time. In 1872 he was elected prosecuting attorney 
for Kanawha county, and served in that capacity for 
five years until January i, 1877, with more than ordi- 
nary distinction. In 1875 ne was elected by the 
members of the bar in the respective counties, in 
accordance with statutory provisions, to hold the cir- 
cuit courts of Lincoln and Wayne counties. He was 
elected to the Forty-fifth congress as a democrat, and 
was re-elected to the Forty-sixth, Forty-seventh, and 
Forty-eighth congresses ; but before the close of the 
latter term, he was chosen by the legislature of his 
state as United States senator, in 1883, to succeed 
Henry G. Davis, and took his seat in the following 
December. He was re-elected in 1889 for the term 
expiring March 3, 1895. Mr. Kenna was but twenty- 
nine years of age when first elected to the lower 
house of congress, and although one of the youngest 
members, he soon became one of the influential ones 
of that body. He was but thirty-five when elected 
senator. In the Fiftieth congress he served on the 
committees on commerce, expenditures of public 
money, patents, and railroads. He served on the 
same committees in the Fifty-first congress, as well as 
upon the special committee on the quadro-centennial. 
In the Fifty-second congress, Senator Kenna was 
placed on the additional committee on foreign rela- 
tions, a compliment to his ability and industry. 




WILLIAM F. VILAS. 



WILLIAM FREEMAN VILAS. 



UNITED STATES SENATOR FROM WISCONSIN. 



William F. Vilas was born in Chelsea, Orange 
county, Vermont, July 9th, 1840. His father was 
Judge Levi B. Vilas, a distinguished member of the 
early bar of Wisconsin, and who was born in Vermont 
in 181 1. The father was not only an able jurist, but 
was distinguished in the councils of the democratic 
party. In his native state as early as 1835 he was a 
member of the state constitutional convention, and 
served six terms in the lower house of the state legis- 
lature and two terms in the state senate; was a state 
commissioner of the deaf, dumb, and blind asylum; 
was probate judge of his county; again in the consti- 
tutional state convention in 1850; chosen democratic 
candidate for congress in 1844; was supported by the 
democrats of the legislature in 1848 for United States 
senator, but was defeated by William Upham. In 
1 85 1 Judge Vilas removed with his family to Wiscon- 
sin and settled at Madison. He was in the Wisconsin 

567 



568 UNITED STATES SENATORS. 

legislature three terms, 1855, 1868, and 1873, the last 
year received the vote of the democrats for speaker 
of the assembly. He was mayor of Madison in 1861 
without opposition, draft commissioner in 1862, twelve 
years regent of the state university, and a loyal friend 
of education. He was married in 1837 to Esther G. 
Smilie of Cambridge, Vermont, a lady of rare charac- 
ter and possessed of marked womanly power and 
accomplishments. He was broad and generous, and 
he was faithful to the interests and requirements of 
his family, and careful and liberal in the education 
and training of his children. He died at his home in 
Madison in 1879. His widow and five children sur- 
vived him. 

William Freeman Vilas was born as above stated, 
in Chelsea, Orange county, Vermont. He was a lad 
of about eleven when his father removed with his 
family to Wisconsin and settled at Madison. The 
subject of this sketch early entered the university of 
Wisconsin, whence he graduated with the highest 
honors of his class in 1858, at the age of eighteen. 
His collegiate career gave promise of that brilliant 
future which his maturer years have realized, and his 
instructors and companions at that time did not fail 
to recognize in the zealous, earnest and industrious 
young student, the qualities which have since con- 
tributed to his success. 

Immediately upon graduation he went to the 
Albany Law school, where for two years he diligently 
and intelligently pursued the studies of the profession 



UNITED STATES SENATORS. 569 

he had chosen. He took his diploma at that institu- 
tion in i860, and returned to Madison where he 
entered upon the practice of law as a partner of E. 
Wakeley, who subsequently became a leading member 
of the bar at Omaha, Nebraska. Under such favora- 
ble auspices, thoroughly trained and equipped for the 
struggle, and imbued with an ardent love for his pro- 
fession, the young lawyer's progress was rapid and 
satisfactory. He speedily established himself in the 
esteem of his brethren on the bench and at the bar, 
and readily gained the confidence and good will of 
clients. He had, however, only just entered upon his 
career when the civil war broke out. We can well 
believe that it cost him a struggle to abandon his pro- 
fession and the alluring prospect of success in it which 
a just ambition held out to him. No unworthier 
sentiments could have caused him to hesitate, nor 
could that lon£ control his mind. He was commis- 
sioned captain, raised a company and went out at the 
head of it in the Twenty-third Wisconsin regiment in 
1862. With this regiment he participated in the 
campaign before Vicksburg, was present throughout 
that long siege, and at the surrender of that redoubt- 
able stronghold of the rebellion, and in many of the 
most hotly contested battles of our western armies. 
He was promoted to major and afterward to lieuten- 
ant-colonel, acting as colonel and commanding his 
regiment. 

He resigned after a period of very hard and active 
service and returned to Madison, where he resumed 



570 UNITED STATES SENATORS. 

and has since continued the practice of his profession. 
Unlike many who returned from stirring scenes of 
camp and field to the duties of civil life, he seemed to 
begin where he left off when he entered the army, and 
in the same line of progressive development he 
pressed zealously forward in his professional career. 
He could not, in a profession where more perhaps 
than any other calling a man finds that the position 
which he is entitled to hold, fail of success, because he 
earned and deserved it. Whatever he had to do he 
did thoroughly and well, relying not merely nor 
mainly upon his undoubted natural talents, but never 
failing diligent, intelligent, and systematic preparation. 
He early formed habits of industry, without which all 
professional success, however brilliant it may seem, 
must be illusive and disappointing. He was married 
in 1866, and soon after established his beautiful home 
amid a grove of noble oaks a short distance from the 
city, where he could enjoy his evenings in the seclusion 
of his library, undisturbed by anxious clients or the 
numerous disturbances of town life. There for years 
he has habitually devoted his evenings until a late 
hour of the night to study and reading, mainly in the 
line of his profession ; for no lawyer ever more fully 
realized the necessity of Coke's sayings: "A passion 
for nocturnal study." Yet, notwithstanding the 
engrossing character of his professional studies, he 
has found time to wander into the domain of general 
literature, history, politics, science, poetry, belles- 
letters, and the higher class of fiction, and in such 



UNITED STATES SENATORS. 5 7 I 

fields accomplished what would be for an ordinary 
man an immense amount of labor. Such was the 
result of the excellent use made by him of all his 
opportunities, his natural gifts, his courage and apti- 
tude for legal controversy, and his sound business 
sense and quick perceptions, that it is not too much 
to say that at the age of thirty he was the peer of any 
member of the then brilliant bar at the capital of the 
state. This early success neither tempted him to 
forego his efforts for further triumph nor filled the 
measure of his ambition. He rather redoubled his 
exertions, nor did he thus seem to tax, but rather to 
call forth his powers. In every line of professional 
labor, in the office, at the pleader's desk, in the court 
room, before the courts of last resort in equity, in law 
or in bankruptcy matters, he was instant, zealous, 
bold, untiring and generally successful. In his argu- 
ments in court he is more intent upon impressing the 
jury with his views of the case than with his ability as 
a talker, and in consequence seldom fails to convince 
them. His clientage, which was considerable at an 
early period of his professional career, constantly 
increased until he had a flood of important business, 
with such constant demands upon his time and atten- 
tion, as commonly attend only upon the most success- 
ful practitioners in great commercial cities. He was 
for some time under general retainer from the Chicago 
and Northwestern Railway company, and transacted 
all their law business in the state of Wisconsin in 
addition to carrying on his large general practice. 



57 2 UNITED STATES SENATORS. 

He has been for many years professor of pleadings, 
practice, and evidence in the law department of the 
state university of Wisconsin; has been one of the 
trustees of the state orphan asylum, and was one of 
the three commissioners appointed by the supreme 
court to revise the statutes under an act of the legis- 
lature passed in 1875. ^ n 1880 he was appointed a 
member of the board of regents of the state university, 
a position which he held until 1885. He is essentially 
a man of the people, open, affable, and genial in man- 
ner, making friends readily with people of all classes, 
of broad and liberal views on all subjects, and 
opposed to everything in legislation or politics that is 
oppressive or undemocratic, or that seeks to foster 
the interests of any class or monopoly at the expense 
of the general public. Taken all in all, as a lawyer 
his is a singularly well-rounded character. But it is 
not merely within the profession as a lawyer that 
Colonel Vilas has made and earned a wide reputa- 
tion. Before he was thirty-five years of age his repu- 
tation as an orator had extended beyond the circle 
of his immediate hearers, until it might have been 
justly termed national. It is impossible within the 
limit of this article to give any account of his great 
oratorical efforts, whether forensic or otherwise. He 
has delivered a considerable number of addresses, 
political and general, all of which are marked by 
deep thought, wide reading and scholarly and elegant 
diction. Among the notable public addresses of 
Colonel Vilas, his great effort was at the reunion of 



UNITED STATES SENATORS. 573 

the Army of the Tennessee, at Chicago, in December, 
1879, in response to a toast to General Grant, who 
was present. His was the speech of the occasion. 
The orator had a more critical and distinguished 
audience before him than had ever greeted Demos- 
thenes or Cicero. Amono- the brilliant addresses then 
made, it was conceded that Col. Vilas' excelled them 
all, and obtained for him a national reputation, which 
his subsequent oratorical efforts have fully sustained. 
He has been for years associated in business at Madi- 
son with Gen. E. E. Bryant and Edward P. Vilas — a 
younger brother — both of whom are able and accom- 
plished lawyers. 

Politically Col. Vilas has been all his life a stead- 
fast democrat. Although devoted to his profession 
and pursuing it with assiduity, yet he has found time 
to bestow upon public matters. In 1879 he declined 
the democratic nomination for governor of Wiscon- 
sin. He was a delegate to the national democratic 
conventions of 1876, 1880, and 1884, and in the latter 
was permanent chairman, which position he filled with 
ability and dignity. He was a member of the Wis- 
consin state legislature in 1885, and on the 7th of 
March of that year was appointed postmaster general 
in the cabinet of President Cleveland, in which posi- 
tion he served until January 16, 1888, when he was 
appointed secretary of the interior, which position he 
filled till March 6, 1889. In January, 1891, he re- 
ceived the unanimous nomination of the democratic 
legislative caucus, and was elected United States sen- 

a6 






574 UNITED STATES SENATORS. 

ator to succeed John C. Spooner, republican, and took 
his seat March 4, 1891, for the term ending March 3, 
1897. 

In congress, Senator Vilas is placed on the commit- 
tees on claims, Indian affairs, pensions, quadro-centen- 
nial, and on examination of the several branches of 
the civil service. 

Of fine personal appearance, genial in manner, 
strong in the law, and an orator of great power, Sen- 
ator Vilas is a commanding figure in the senate of the 
United States. 

Mrs. Vilas resides with her husband in Washington, 
where she is very popular. 




PHILETUS SAWYER. 



PHILETUS SAWYER. 



UNITED STATES SENATOR FROM WISCONSIN. 



Philetus Sawyer was born in Rutland county, Ver- 
mont, September 22, 1816. He was one of a family 
of five brothers and four sisters, of whom he and one 
sister are now the only survivors. When he was 
about a year old his father moved with his family to 
Essex county, New York, and located at Crown Point. 
He was a farmer and a blacksmith, who became em- 
barrassed and impoverished by signing notes with 
others. The sons of men in his station, in that day 
were not a burthen to be borne and toiled for until 
they should go out into the world for themselves. So 
the young Philetus, at an early age, began to take his 
share in the "chores" around the house and farm and 
shop. The summer that he was fourteen he worked 
out for the magnificent wages of six dollars per 
month. The country in which they lived was rough 
and poor, and it required hard and continuous toil to 
obtain the most common comforts of existence. The 
educational advantages were limited to the annual 
three-months' winter term of the common schools; but 
the salubrious atmosphere of that mountainous pine 
region was conducive to health, and produced robust 

577 



57& UNITED STATES SENATORS. 

men and women, robust both physically and intellect- 
ually. The business of lumbering was carried on in a 
primitive fashion, and in the woods and at the neigh- 
boring saw-mills, Mr. Sawyer, at an early age, became 
initiated in the business in which afterward he laid the 
foundation and reared the superstructure of a fortune 
which, in those days would have appeared impossible. 
The legal proposition that the father is entitled to the 
services of his minor children was one of constant 
practical application in those days. When Mr. 
Sawyer reached the age of seventeen he was a strong, 
vigorous youth, ambitious, self-reliant, and eager to 
commence the work of making his own way in the 
world. His father wanted money; he wanted to be 
master of his own time; and a bargain was easily 
made. He borrowed one hundred dollars of an older 
brother and paid it to his father for his own services 
for the next four years. Before the time expired his 
debt to his brother was paid, and he had given him- 
self two more terms in the district school, from his 
savings as a saw-mill hand. 

But he was not one to rely entirely upon the labor 
of his own hands for the achievements of the results 
he aspired to. Being gifted with both brains and 
muscle, he used both and was soon operating the mill, 
at which he worked, under contract, sawing "by the 
thousand." Before "Mr. Sawyer was twenty-five years 
old he was married to Melvina M. Hadley, a young 
lady of an adjoining town, eminently qualified for a 
help-meet to such a man in every situation and sta- 



UNITED STATES SENATORS. 579 

tion of his career. December 4, 1842, his son and 
present partner, Edgar P. Sawyer, was born. Four- 
teen years after he had purchased his minority from 
his father, Mr. Sawyer, then thirty-one years old, with 
his family, consisting of his wife and two sons, joined 
the tide of emigration to the great west. He had 
accumulated about two thousand dollars. When he 
was starting upon his western journey, an older brother 
who lived and died a farmer on the Ticondaroga 
flats, asked him how much money he had. He 
answered that he had two thousand dollars in his belt 
and one hundred and ninety-nine dollars in his pocket. 
His brother handed him a dollar with the remark: 
"Now, remember that when you started for the west 
you had just twenty-two hundred dollars." Years 
afterward, when the brother had become an old man, 
and Mr. Sawyer had become wealthy and held an 
honored position in the senate of the United States, 
he was at one time visiting his old home, and learning 
that the brother was in debt about twelve hundred 
dollars, which was worrying him, Mr. Sawyer quietly 
bought up the paper from his brother's creditors and 
presented it to him, remarking, "This is that dollar 
with the accumulations. I have made about that 
amount with it." "Ah," said the brother, seeing the 
merry twinkle in the senator's blue eyes. "1 wish I 
had given you ten or fifteen dollars more." 

Mr. Sawyer removed to Wisconsin, and settled 
upon a farm which he purchased in Fond du Lac 
county. He did not move west with the thought of 



580 UNITED STATES SENATORS. 

political preferment ; his ambition was only to own a 
good farm; but a brief experience satisfied him that 
he had not selected the best field for the exercise of 
his energy and industry. There were two years of 
short crops following his settlement there, and conse- 
quently two years of toil without remuneration. Only 
a short distance away the great pineries of the Wolf 
river held out tempting inducements to lumbermen. 
His decision was soon made. The farm was disposed 
of, and in December of 1849, ne removed to the 
village of Algoma, now in the city of Oshkosh. There 
was a saw-mill in Algoma, which mill Mr. Sawyer 
operated successfully in the season of 1850 upon con- 
tract by the thousand feet. Then he rented the mill 
and operated it on his own account until 1853, with 
reasonable success. The country was settling up and 
lumber was needed, though there were no railroads at 
that time. Fond du Lac, seventeen miles away, was a 
thriving town, and centered the trade of a large area 
of fertile country. In 1853 Mr. Sawyer formed a 
partnership with Messrs. Brand and Olcott, lumber 
manufacturers and dealers of Fond du Lac, and pur- 
chased the mill which he had been operating. The 
mill was improved and soon re-built and the firm did 
a prosperous business. In 1856 Mr. Olcott retired 
from the firm, and the firm of Brand and Sawyer con- 
tinued the business until 1862, when Mr. Sawyer 
purchased Mr. Brand's interest at an advance of over 
$70,000 above his original capital in the business. 
The following year his only surviving son, Edgar P. 



UNITED STATES SENATORS. 58 I 

Sawyer, was taken as a partner in his general business, 
and since that time the firm has been P. Sawyer and 
Son, a firm whose word has been as good as their 
bond and their bond as good as gold, 

Many years ago there were large tracts of very 
valuable pine timber around the head waters of the 
Wolf river, which were not accessible, because it was 
impossible to drive out the logs upon the streams, 
which were full of rocks and rapids and too small to 
float them out. Mr. Sawyer spent much time in investi- 
gating the matter and devising a scheme to get out 
the timber, he purchased large tracts of the best 
timber, and then organized a company and cleared 
out the river and its tributaries. 

Untold millions of the best timber in Wisconsin was 
made accessible. The firm continued to invest its 
surplus capital in pine lands, as well as in bank 
stocks, in extensive mills and in large lumber yards in 
Chicago. Mr. Sawyer's judgment of men was accur- 
ate, and he seldom had trouble in his business, and he 
was never individually a party to a lawsuit in his life. 
His employes were usually glad to remain with him 
and some of them have been with him for a quarter of 
a century. When the village to which he had removed 
in 1849 became a part of a thriving young city, almost 
by common consent of his neighbors, he was repeatedly 
chosen to represent them as alderman in the city 
council. Mr. Sawyer had formerly been politically a 
democrat of free-soil proclivities, but he acted and 
voted with the republican party soon after its organiz- 



582 UNITED STATES SENATORS. 

ation. In the fall of 1856, he was nominated by that 
party for representative in the legislature of 1857, 
and was easily elected. He had by this time so 
acquired the confidence of the people among whom 
he lived that office began to seek him. Mr. Sawyer 
was again elected to the legislature in 186 1. In 1863 
and 1864 he was elected and served as mayor of 
Oshkosh. In the latter year he was elected to the 
Thirty-ninth congress, although the district prior to 
his election had been democratic. He took his seat 
in December, 1865. For the next ten years till 1875, 
Mr. Sawyer served in congress, and applied to the 
business of legislation, the same careful scrutiny of 
details, and the same sound judgment, which made his 
private business so successful, and he returned to his 
constituents more firmly established in their confi- 
dence than ever. He refused to stand as a candidate 
for another term. 

In 1876, the West Wisconsin railroad running from 
Tomah to Hudson, Wisconsin, was financially em- 
barrassed, and mortgages on it were foreclosed. 
Mr. Sawyer with some New York and Chicago capi- 
talists, formed a syndicate and purchased it. The 
reorganized corporation purchased the North Wiscon- 
sin railway, of which he was made president. They 
afterward acquired the St. Paul and Sioux City lines 
and connected four weak and struggling corpora- 
tions into one strong one, known as the Chicago, St. 
Paul, Minneapolis and Omaha Railroad company. 
Of this company Mr. Sawyer was a director and vice- 



UNITED STATES SENATORS. 583 

president and member of the executive committee 
until i88o,when he severed his connection with it and 
prepared to make a trip to Europe with his family; 
but when Senator Angus Cameron's term was about 
to expire, it became known that he would not be a 
candidate for re-election, and early in 1880 many of 
Mr. Sawyer's friends and leading republicans of the 
state began to solicit him to become a candidate for 
the senatorship, and in January he was elected United 
States senator for six years from March 4, 1881. In 
January, 1887, he was re-elected without opposition in 
his own party for the term ending March 3, 1893. 

Mr. Sawyer took his seat as senator in the Forty- 
seventh congress. In that congress he was chairman 
of a select committee to examine the several branches 
of the civivil service. In the Forty-eighth and Forty- 
ninth congresses, he was chairman of the committee 
on railroads of the senate. In the Fiftieth congress, 
he was chairman of the committee on post offices and 
post roads, which position he held in the Fifty-first 
congress. Of the committee on pensions he has been 
an active member since March, 1886, when he was. ap- 
pointed on it in place of Senator Mitchell, who was in 
bad health. Mr. Sawyer has always been disposed to 
a liberal policy in the matter of pensions. In the 
Forty-ninth congress it is said that he reported from 
his committee a greater number of bills than were 
ever reported by any other senator of the United 
States in his whole senatorial career, however long. 
And the bills reported by him were not often ques- 



584 UN [TED STATES SENATORS. 

tioned, so thorough was his examination into each 
case. The private and domestic life of Senator Sawyer 
was singularly happy until disease laid its hand upon 
his faithful partner. On the 21st of May, 1888, forty- 
seven years after their marriage, Mrs. Sawyer died 
after a lingering illness of several years. They buried 
an infant son soon after they removed to Wisconsin 
and a few years later an infant daughter. Besides his 
son and partner Senator Sawyer has two daughters 
living, Mrs. Howard G. White of Syracuse, New York, 
and Mrs. W. O. Goodman of Chicago, Illinois. For 
the benefit of each of these children he made invest- 
ments some years ago, which would secure each a com- 
fortable and ample income beyond contingencies. Mr. 
Sawyer's liberality as a citizen has been conspicuous 
in many ways. As mayor of Oshkosh during two 
years of the civil war, his expenditures of both time 
and money in the effort to fill the quota of the city to 
avoid conscription was large and no claim was made 
for any reimbursement. He has made innumerable 
and frequent contributions to various churches, the 
Young Men's Christian association, and other deserv- 
ing societies. 

Mr. Sawyer is a man of medium stature, with broad 
shoulders, and inclined to corpulency, a man of vigor- 
ous frame and usually healthy physical condition. Mr. 
Sawyer's place has always been among the workers ; 
but by reason of those rare qualities, which give in- 
fluence and leadership to the few, it has proved a con- 
spicuous one. 




FRANCIS E. WARREN. 



FRANCIS E. WARR£ N. 



UNITED STATES SENATOR FROM WYOMING. 



Francis E. Warren was born near Hinsdale, Mass- 
achusetts, on the 20th day of June, 1844. His early 
life was spent on a farm in the Berkshire Hills, a place 
famous in New England for its delightful scenery 
and the thrifty and sterling character of its people. 
At the age of fifteen he entered the Hinsdale acad- 
emy where he devoted three years to study. De- 
scended of a long line of New England ancestry, it 
was natural than he should be one of the first to 
respond to the call of his country, and at the age of 
eighteen he enlisted in the service as a private. It 
was not long, however, before his qualities as a soldier 
were recognized and he was promoted. 

He belonged to that family of Warren, the most 
distinguished representative of which was mortally 
wounded at Bunker Hill, and of whom it has been 
said, " He was one of the first who fell in the glorious 
cause of his country, and his name has become con- 
secrated in its history." On the conclusion of the 
war Captain Warren took the management of an 
extensive live stock breeding and importing establish- 

587 



588 UNITED STATES SENATORS. 

ment near his native village where he remained sev- 
eral years, when he decided to go west. 

Early in 1868 he was induced to remove to Chey- 
enne by an old school-fellow, and it was not long be- 
fore Mr. Warren was associated with a partner in con- 
ducting the large general merchandise business, now 
known as the Warren Mercantile Emporium, also in 
banking, live stock, lighting business and other enter- 
prises. His indomitable will and untiring energy soon 
gave him a prominent place in all matters connected 
with the growth and improvement of the city and ter- 
ritory. After having served for a long time as one of 
the city aldermen or city trustees, he was at twenty- 
nine years of age chosen to preside over the legisla- 
tive senate or council, and soon after held the respon- 
sible position of territorial treasurer. In 1884 Mr. 
Warren refused a unanimous nomination for delegate 
in congress tendered by the republicans of Wyoming. 
In January, 1884, he was elected mayor of the city of 
Cheyenne. 

During the year 1871 he returned to Massachu - 
setts and married Miss Helen M. Smith, a lady of rare 
accomplishments and domestic virtues. No family in 
the state dispense a more generous hospitality. 

President Arthur appointed Mr. Warren governor 
of Wyoming in February, 1885, a position which he held 
with distinguished honor for a period of nearly two 
years. During his administration a radical change 
took place in public sentiment in favor of the devel- 
opment and upbuilding of the territory. On his 



UNITED STATES SENATORS. 589 

recommendation important public buildings were pro- 
vided for, and the result has been the erection of the 
magnificent capitol building at Cheyenne, the Wyo- 
ming university at Laramie and the hospital for the 
insane at Evanston. 

Governor Warren's influence was no less felt in all 
matters pertaining to the welfare and prosperity of 
the city of Cheyenne. He built many fine business 
blocks in the city of his adoption and has always been 
foremost in every progressive movement. As presi- 
dent of the board of trade he was the leading spirit 
of that organization. 

November 5, 1886, President Cleveland removed 
Governor Warren ostensibly on account of his oppo- 
sition to the policy of Land Commissioner Sparks, 
but presumably because he was a republican. 

March 27, 1889, Mr. Warren was again appointed 
governor of Wyoming by President Harrison and 
served in that capacity until the territory was admit- 
ted as a state July 10, 1890. Wyoming was made a 
state and Governor Warren called the first state elec- 
tion for September 1 1, 1890. He was elected first gov- 
ernor of the new state with a handsome majority and 
October 1 1, 1890, qualified and entered upon his third 
term as governor of Wyoming. 

The first state legislature elected Mr. Warren 
United States senator November 18, 1890. He 
served during the second session of the Fifty-first 
congress and in the drawing of classes, drew the short 
term ending March 4, 1893. 



590 UNITED STATES SENATORS. 

During this session he introduced an " Arid Land 
Bill " which has attracted attention. The bill provides 
for the ceding of the arid lands to the states and ter- 
ritories in which they are situated, subject to restric- 
tions as to limit of acreage to any one ownership and 
that only actual settlers shall be the eventual owners ; 
that timber shall be preserved, etc. No action was 
taken upon the bill on account of the late hour in the 
session in which it was introduced, but it is believed 
the several states are capable and more likely to re- 
claim the arid lands than the government. 

Senator Warren was active during the short term 
of 1890 and j 89 1 in securing legislation and appro- 
priation for the new state of Wyoming. He is of an 
industrious and persevering temperament and will add 
to the activity and energy of the senate. 

In appearance Senator Warren is considerably over 
six feet in height and of commanding presence. His 
complexion is fair, and his straight regular features 
and moustache give him a military distinguished air 
and an appearance to be remembered by all who 
meet him. 

A sketch, however, of Senator Warren would not 
be complete without reference to his genial qualities 
as a gentleman. His kindly disposition, which leads 
him to give a willing ear and assistance, if necessary, 
to all who seek his counsel and advice, however hum- 
ble they may be, has made him one of the most popu- 
lar of men No worthy object but finds in him a sin- 
cere friend. 




JOSEPH M. CAREY. 



JOSEPH M. CAREY. 



UNITED STATES SENATOR FROM WYOMING. 



Joseph M. Carey was born in Milton, Sussex county, 
Delaware, January 19, 1845. He received a common 
school education, and attended Fort Edward Colle- 
giate institute and Union college, New York. He 
studied law in Philadelphia, and took a course in the 
law department of the University of Pennsylvania, from 
which he graduated in 1867, and was admitted to the 
bar the same year. Like many ambitious young men 
of energy, he migrated to the west and settled in 
Wyoming. In 1869, upon the organization of that 
territory, he was appointed United States attorney for 
Wyoming. Two years later he was appointed an 
associate justice of the supreme court of the territory 
and resigned his office of attorney to accept. He 
remained on the bench until 1876. He also served as 
a member of the United States centennial commission 
from 1872 to 1876. He was three times elected 
mayor of Cheyenne, serving from 1881 to 1885, inclu- 
sive. In 1 884 he was chosen territorial delegate to 

593 



594 UNITED STATES SENATORS. 

congress, and served in the Forty-ninth, Fiftieth, and 
Fifty-first congresses, as a republican. He was elected 
to the United States senate, under the act of congress 
admitting Wyoming into the union as a state, Novem- 
ber 15, 1890, and took his seat December 1st of the 
same year, for the term expiring March 3, 1895. 

In congress Senator Carey has served as chairman 
of the committee on education and labor, patents, 
public buildings, territories, transportation and sale 
of meat products, organization, conduct, and expendi- 
tures of the executive department. 

He is generally regarded in the new state as the 
father of Wyoming statehood. He had charge of the 
bill for the admission of that territory in congress, 
and it was largely through his skill and perseverance 
that the bill was passed by both houses. He is a 
recognized leader of the republican party in Wyo- 
ming, and it is largely owing to his talents as an or- 
ganizer and executive that the republican party has 
grown stronger at every election in that state. 

Judge Carey has found time to engage in private 
business, notwithstanding his constant public service for 
more than twenty years past. He is the owner of a 
large cattle ranch, and owns much land and many 
ditches for irrigating purposes, and is also a member 
of a wall-paper manufacturing firm in Philadelphia, 
and is reputed to be quite wealthy. 

Mr. Carey is married and resides in Cheyenne. 
Mrs. Carey sojourns with him in Washington during 
the sessions of congress. 

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